Old Testament Lesson #45 "If I Perish, I Perish"

Daniel 1; 3; 6; Esther 3-5; 7-8

This lesson discusses four of the most powerful stories in the Old Testament of triumph over great adversity and oppression in a foriegn court.  In each story, the hero is a Hebrew slave, a person in a position nearly powerless by earthly standards.  An evil figure seeks to obliterate the hero because of his religious beliefs.  In the end, the righteous hero gains equivalent or greater political power than his nemesis.  Mighty retribution is meted out upon the evildoers.

DANIEL

“The responsibility of showing to the world that the gospel of Jesus Christ will solve its problems rests upon the men who make the claim" (President David O. McKay, Gospel Ideals, Salt Lake City: Improvement Era, 1953, p. 5).

"I found a classic example in the Old Testament of one who lived “in the world” and influenced it through his righteous living. The birth of this young man came at a time in history when it was improbable that anyone from Israel could make much of a contribution in the world.

"After the death of King Solomon in 975 b.c., the Ten Tribes revolted and separated themselves from the Tribe of Judah. A divided Israel was not able to hold its own against the other powers of that region. Egypt and Assyria would take turns overrunning the land of Israel. In the year 607 b.c., Assyria proper and the northern provinces fell into the hands of the Medes, while Syria lay open to be seized by the Babylonians.

"While this struggle was going on, it seemed an appropriate time for Egypt to attack Palestine. The king of the Babylonians sent his son, Nebuchadnezzar, to drive the Egyptians back. While the battle raged against the Egyptians, the king passed away and Nebuchadnezzar became the ruler of Babylon. He was successful against the Egyptians and became ruler over all of Syria to the Egyptian border. He ruled by terror, crushing his enemies by fire and sword, and weakening them with deportations to other parts of his empire.

"It was in the midst of this battle-torn era that Daniel was born. As a youth, he and certain other Hebrews were taken into the court of Nebuchadnezzar for service. They were chosen because of their wisdom and knowledge and ability to learn. Thus, Daniel was brought into a strange land with strange customs, a strange environment, and a very different religious heritage.

"Daniel’s first test in being 'in the world' came when the servant of Nebuchadnezzar ordered him to drink of his wine and eat of the 'king’s meat.' Daniel 'purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself with the portion of the king’s meat, nor with the wine which he drank.'

"The servant argued that the king had made him responsible for training these young men, and had commanded they should eat and drink the same as the others. If they did not, the king would see that they were growing weak and thin, and would surely have the servant killed. Then Daniel begged that he and his friends be allowed to follow the health habits that had been given to them. His request was that they be proved for ten days—for ten days they would feed upon grains and drink water, to see if they were not healthier than all the rest.

"Daniel’s strategy was most interesting. He did not challenge the beliefs of the Babylonians. Instead, he volunteered to conduct a test as to which way was best. The servant agreed to the test. For the next ten days, Daniel and those who were with him ate and drank only of the things that they knew they should. At the end of the tenth day, Daniel and his friends were found to be healthier and stronger than all the rest. Daniel soon found that he did not have to adopt a different standard of values when he was 'in the world...'

"Not only did Daniel’s service benefit the king, but because of the faith that Daniel had in the Lord, it affected an entire land. The king sent forth a proclamation that all the people of the kingdom should worship the true and living God, the God that Daniel worshiped. How mighty was the power of the service of one righteous man, affecting so many, as he served 'in the world' in which he lived! How effective will be the results of our service if we will continue to serve in our own personal way 'in the world' in which we live!  (L. Tom Perry, "In the World," Ensign, May 1998)

Daniel was tested again in his later life.  By now, he was a high-ranking government official.  For political rather than religious reasons, others desired to have him deposed.  They knew that they could not "dig up any dirt" about him, because there was none.  So instead, knowing that he was true to his faith, they determined to use that faith for his political demise.  They convinced King Darius to enact a law forbidding prayer to Jehovah.  Daniel's behavior did not change in the slightest because of the threat.  He prayed three times a day, "as he did aforetime" (6:10).  This was almost a more faith-promoting experience for King Darius than it was for Daniel.  Darius clearly had a budding faith in Jehovah, as he said hopefully to Daniel while throwing him in the lion's den, "Thy God whom thou servest continually, he will deliver thee" (6:16).  In the morning when he returned to the den, he called, "O Daniel, servant of the living God, is thy God, whom thou servest continually, able to deliver thee from the lions?" (6:20).  The answer was yes.

King Darius was then a believer.  He issued a proclamation, publicly stating his faith, "I make a decree, That in every dominion of my kingdom men tremble and fear before the God of Daniel: for he is the living God, and stedfast for ever, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed, and his dominion shall be even unto the end.  He delivereth and rescueth, and he worketh signs and wonders in heaven and in earth, who hath delivered Daniel from the power of the lions" (6:26-27).

SHADRACH, MESHACH AND ABED-NEGO

"As a young man, I returned home from an eighth-grade basketball tournament dejected, disappointed, and confused. I blurted out to my mother, 'I don’t know why we lost—I had faith we’d win!'

"I now realize that I did not then know what faith is...

"Centuries ago, Daniel and his young associates were suddenly thrust from security into the world—a world foreign and intimidating. When Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego refused to bow down and worship a golden image set up by the king, a furious Nebuchadnezzar told them that if they would not worship as commanded, they would immediately be cast into a burning fiery furnace. 'And who is that God that shall deliver you out of my hands?'

"The three young men quickly and confidently responded, 'If it be so [if you cast us into the furnace], our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the burning fiery furnace, and he will deliver us out of thine hand.' That sounds like my eighth-grade kind of faith. But then they demonstrated that they fully understood what faith is. They continued, 'But if not, … we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up.'  That is a statement of true faith.

"They knew that they could trust God—even if things didn’t turn out the way they hoped. They knew that faith is more than mental assent, more than an acknowledgment that God lives. Faith is total trust in Him...

"We must have the same faith as Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego.

"Our God will deliver us from ridicule and persecution, but if not. … Our God will deliver us from sickness and disease, but if not … . He will deliver us from loneliness, depression, or fear, but if not. … Our God will deliver us from threats, accusations, and insecurity, but if not. … He will deliver us from death or impairment of loved ones, but if not, … we will trust in the Lord.

"Our God will see that we receive justice and fairness, but if not. … He will make sure that we are loved and recognized, but if not. … We will receive a perfect companion and righteous and obedient children, but if not, … we will have faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, knowing that if we do all we can do, we will, in His time and in His way, be delivered and receive all that He has.  (Dennis E. Simmons, "But If Not...", Ensign, May 2004)

ESTHER

Esther is one of the Five Scrolls, books that were originally grouped together in the Hebrew Bible, called "The Writings," and read (and many Jewish communities still read them) at key annual festivals. 

The Five Scrolls and their Festivals

1. The Song of Songs (Song of Solomon in the KJV), read at Passover, commemorating the passing over of the angel of death when the Israelites were slaves in Egypt
2. The Book of Ruth, read at the Feast of Weeks, also called Shavout, or Pentecost in the New Testament, a celebration of the harvest
3. Lamentations, read on the 9th of Av (a month in the Jewish calendar), commemorating the sadness and oppression that has happened to the Jews, beginning with the destruction of the temple
4. Ecclesiastes, read at Sukkot, also known as the Feast of Tabernacles or Booths (refering to tents), a 7-day festival in which the 40 years camping in the wilderness is commemorated and somewhat reenacted
5. The Book of Esther, read at Purim, a name derived from the word pur which refered to the casting of lots done by Haman in the story of Esther to determine the day of the destruction of the Jews

(Sources:  Bible Dictionary entry for "Feasts," Harper-Collins Study Bible, and Wikipedia.)

A Chiastic Pattern for the Book of Esther

Chiasmus (pronounced "ky-AS-mus") is a Hebrew literary tool in which all the lines of a poem lead to the main point, after which they all repeat in reverse order with slight variation.  The central point of the broad chiasmus of the book of Esther would be that the Jews, represented here by Mordecai, get the honor they deserve for their righteousness and good works.  This is the point of all four stories discussed in this lesson: the faithful Hebrew figure puts his/her neck on the block, with faith in Jehovah, and not only is the executioner's hand stayed, but glory is awarded to them by the worldly powers.

A   King Xerxes’ banquet and the rise of Queen Esther 1:1-2:23

 B   Haman’s plot to exterminate the Jews 3:1-15

 C   Mordecai’s plea to Esther and Esther’s request 4:1-17

  D   Esther’s first banquet 5:1-8

    E   Haman’s family plot to hang Mordecai 5:9-14

      F   Mordecai honored 6:1-12a

    E’   Haman’s family predicts his downfall 6:12b-14

   D’   Esther’s second banquet and Haman’s death 7:1-10

  C’   Esther’s plea to King Xerxes to save the Jews 8:1-15

B’   The Jews destroy their enemies 9:1-17

A’   Feast of Purim and Mordecai’s rise to power 9:18-10:3

(Source:  Tyndale University College and Seminary website.  Sorry; I can't seem to form a direct link.)

COMMENTS FROM THE HARPER-COLLINS STUDY BIBLE

• 1:21-22  All official resources and protocol of state are needed to deal with the danger posed to men by one willful woman!  This is the first in a series of letters and decrees sent by means of the famed Persian courier service.
• 1:3; 2:16  It took four years to find a new queen.
• 2:19 "Sitting in the king's gate:"  Mordecai is an official of undetermined rank.
• 3:9  10,000 talents of silver is a huge bribe.  Inflated figures like this one, the height of Haman's gallows, which was the equivalent of 75 feet (5:14), and numbers slain by the Jews (9:5-16) give the story an air of the fantastic.  (All numbers used in the Old Testament must be taken with a grain of salt--often they are figurative and not literal.)
• 7:7-8 The king's exit allows Haman one last plea for his life, ironically from the one whom he unknowingly sought to destroy.  His attempt seals his fate, as the king mistakes his posture of supplication before the reclining Esther as an assault upon the queen.
• 8:11-12  The wording recalls what Haman wrote (3:13) in an exact and vengeful manner...The effect is to reverse in every detail what Haman planned for the Jews.
• 9:10, 15-16 That the Jews did not touch the plunder although they were allowed to do so (8:11) suggests they were fighting for survival and not increased wealth.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DANIEL AND ESTHER

(This section is on the fringe of the purpose of the lesson, so I wouldn't include it as a part of a lesson being taught in Sunday School, but it is an interesting aside to personal scripture study.  Should questions come up from class members on this topic, this information may be helpful.)

In the present Hebrew Bible, the books of Daniel and Esther are placed together.  The contrast between the stories, though, are great enough that they have bothered scholars, particularly Jewish scholars, for thousands of years.  Daniel and Esther were both offered the king's food (Daniel 1:5; Esther 2:9).  Esther 2:9 in the King James Version only covertly mentions food, "such things as belonged to her," but it is clearly food in the New Revised Standard Version, "her portion of food".  The word portion is from an Old Persian word meaning "government-supplied food ration" (Harper-Collins Study Bible, p. 1304).  While Daniel and his friends refused the food and stuck to their strict Hebrew diet, Esther ate what was was given her.  Daniel and his three friends prayed in open defiance of the worship of idolatry.  Prayer is never mentioned in the book of Esther.  Daniel and his friends profess faith in God and publicly give Him credit and glory for the miracles that save them in the book of Daniel.  God is never mentioned in the story of Esther.  Curious.

In The Septuagint (the earliest translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek), the translators (pious Jewish scholars) tried to correct this problem by making six additions to the book of Esther, four of which make God's presence very clear throughout the story.  (These are included in the Appocrypha which is readily available from many publishers. The Septuagint version of Esther is printed in the Approcrypha section of the Harper-Collins Study Bible, p. 1481-1496.)

1. The book opens with the story of a dream which Mordecai has in which God reveals, in symbolism, all that is going to happen.
2. The king's edict is written out expressly.
3. A prayer in which Mordecai calls mightily upon the Lord for aid is inserted, and the addition concludes, "And all Israel cried out mightily, for their death was before their eyes."
4. A sweet and tender version of Esther's appearance before the king, and the softening of his heart toward her is added.
5. The second edict of the king is inserted.
6. There is a little post at the end of the book in which Mordecai relates the interpretation of his dream, and notes that everything God promised has been fulfilled.

Hmm.  It makes one think.  Did these translators just make up these additions to fit their own agenda?  It's possible. 

It's also possible they didn't make them up.

Josephus, the most important early Jewish historian whose works are still available today and are widely considered a very trustworthy source, believed that the translators of the Septuagint were inspired of God.  Could they have been acting under inspiration as Joseph Smith did when he studied and re-translated the Bible, inserting details that were important but had been left out?  It's possible that they received aid from God in the form of revelation about what the actual circumstances had been and restored the true story. 

There is no way to know. 

Why ask questions for which we have no known answer?  Because it expands our thinking, and exposes the possibilities to us.  If we can't find the answer, we place the question on our "shelf" of questions to be answered later.  At another time, we may take them down again, see if more information or revelation is now providing the answer.  If it is, great.  If it is not, back on the shelf it goes.  It may stay there until the next life, when all questions will be answered.  As long as we don't demand an answer immediately, our faith remains intact.

We can ask another question for which there is no known answer:  Who wrote the book of Esther, and why would he leave these important details out of the story, if they were true?  Josephus claims Mordecai wrote it, and he is generally a pretty good source.  Another possibility is Nehemiah.  For a good but simple discussion on the authorship possibilities, see Bible.org.

If Mordecai were the author, here are my personal thoughts--my personal thoughts--about why he may have written without expressly referring to God, prayer, and Jewish practices:  Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel's king) ruled from 605-562 BC.   Ahasuerus (Esther's king) is usually identified as Xerxes I, who ruled in 486-465 BC (Harper-Collins Study Bible).  So the story of Daniel took place well over 100 hundred years before the story of Esther, and immediately after the exile.  Daniel and his friends were fresh out of Hebrew communities steeped with their religious culture.  Mordecai and Esther and their people, 100+ years later, may have suffered a gradual loss of Jewish influence in their new environment.  They seemed to not be as openly practicing their religion as Daniel did, since Esther was living in the king's court completely undetected as a Jew.  The king himself seemed to be unaware of the entire culture of Jews until Haman pointed them out. 

Could years of keeping their religion quietly have caused the author to also keep it as an unstated undercurrent in his writing? Was the account written at such a time or situation or context in which it was inappropriate or dangerous to expressly include deeply religious experiences?  Or was the author someone we don't have any record of at all, and was he not a religious person, but simply a recorder or historian?

Regardless of the reason for the way the account is written, it is clear to me that God and prayer were key parts of the story.  When Mordecai said to Esther, "Who knoweth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this?" there was clearly an implication in his words that he believed a greater Power was enacting a plan to save the Jews, and that Esther was part of that plan.  Esther called upon the Jews to fast for three days and nights (Esther 4:16).  What purpose would there be to fasting without prayer?  This is the only instance in the scriptures of which I'm aware in which fasting is mentioned when it is not directly connected to prayer.  It was a practice used in no other way.

Their story as well as Daniel's teaches that God loves His children and is merciful, ever seeking to aid them in adversity, responding faithfully when they exercise their faith.  Their righteous influence blesses their entire community, and spreads the gospel.  "The city of Shushan rejoiced and was glad.  The Jews had light, and gladness, and joy, and honour.  And in every province, and in every city, whithersoever the king's commandment and his decree came, the Jews had joy and gladness, a feast and a good day.  And many of the people of the land became Jews; for the fear of [respect for?] the Jews fell upon them" (Esther 8:15-17).

Old Testament Lesson #44 "Every Thing Shall Live Whither the River Cometh"

Ezekiel 43-44; 47

EZEKIEL'S VISION OF THE TEMPLE

Take a moment and read the following verses:  Ezekiel 43:1-12; 44:6-9, 23.  What do these verses tell us about the temple?

• The glory of the Lord fills the temple (43:2, 4-5).
• The temple is "the place of [the Lord's] throne" on earth (43:7).
• The Lord walks in the temple, calling it "the place of the soles of my feet" (43:7).
• The temple is a place where the Lord may "dwell in the midst" of his people (43:7).
• We learn about the laws of the Lord in the temple (43:11).
• There are ordinances that the Lord wants us to perform in the temple (43:11).
• Even the grounds that surround the temple "shall be most holy" (43:12).
• Only those who are worthy should enter the temple (44:6-9).
• In the temple we learn the difference between holy and profane and between clean and unclean (44:23).

THE RIVER FLOWING FROM THE TEMPLE

Read Ezekiel 47:1; 6-12.  What did Ezekiel see coming from the east doors of the temple in Jerusalem?

• "...waters issued out from under the threshold of the house eastward" (v. 1).  The east doors of the temple symbolize the visitation of God to the earth.  God is thought to come from the east, as the Garden of Eden was eastward.

Where did the water go?

• "...toward the east country, and...down into the desert, and...into the [Dead] sea: which, being brought forth into the sea, the waters can be healed" (v. 8).

What changes will take place in the Judean wilderness and the Dead Sea because of the River flowing from the temple?

• Trees will grow along the banks of the river (v. 7, 12).
• The trees will yield fruits and nuts constantly (v. 12).  Is there any variety of tree in the world presently that is ever-bearing, and not subject to seasons?
• Their leaves will never fall (v. 12).  This would be a bit unusual; most fruit/nut trees are deciduous.  Citrus trees are evergreen, but grow in a subtropical climate.  So either the climate or the trees will undergo an enormous change.
• The leaves of the trees will also have healing properties (v. 12).
• Everything that comes in contact with this water will receive vitality (v. 9).
• The waters of the Dead Sea will be healed and there will be fish in the Dead Sea, so many that fishermen will be able to fill their nets (v. 8-10).  This would be a miraculous change.  "Normal marine life cannot live in the Dead Sea, which is six times saltier than the ocean down to about 130 feet and 10 times saltier than the ocean at 300 feet. The name of the Dead Sea in Hebrew, 'Yam ha Maved,' literally means, 'Killer Sea,' and instant death is exactly what happens to any fish that strays into its waters from the River Jordan or other fresh water streams that flow into the Dead Sea. Life does exist in the Dead Sea, though, in the form of two bacterium and one type of algae."  (Lynn Murray, e-how.com)

Latter-day temples frequently use water symbolism

in their landscape design.  This is the reflecting pond

in front of the east doors of the Logan Temple.

(This photo was taken by my daughter,

Camille R. Jensen.  Copyright 2010.

Copying for personal, home, or church use permitted.

This photo is on display at the Logan LDS Institute,

and the Brigham City Seminary.)

UNDERSTANDING THE VISION

The best commentary on any scripture is always another scripture.  If we can match up a symbol from one scripture to a second scripture that has a clear explanation, we can be much more confident that our interpretation is correct than if we merely refer to the opinions of scholars who live thousands of years removed from the time of the writing.  That is the case with this chapter of Ezekiel.  There is a vision very similar to Ezekiel's in the book of Revelation:  "And he shewed me a pure river of water* of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.  In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.  And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him" (Rev. 22:1-3).  The number twelve refers to a perfect Godly government, of course:  the twelve apostles, the twelve tribes of Israel, the priesthood (BibleStudy.org).  Although this is unrelated to Old Testament symbolism, it is interesting that the age at which young men enter into priesthood service in the present-day church is also twelve.

*Note:  Because there are many riverbeds that remain dry except in the rainy, flooding season in the middle east (wadis), there is a distinction for a river that has water running in it, translated here as "river of water."  It is interesting to note this same phrase appearing four times in the Book of Mormon, as in 1 Ne. 2:6.

In Ezekiel 43:7, the Lord calls the temple "the place of my throne."  What flowed from the throne of God in John's vision? 

• "Water of life."  We can assume, then, that this is the interpretation of the water flowing from the temple in Ezekiel's vision.

What is the "water of life?" 

• This question is answered in the Gospel of John 4:10-14.  Christ is the living water.  His gospel is spiritually life-saving and also leads to eternal life. 
• Like the Judean wilderness and the Dead Sea, we can receive healing, increased abundance of life, and even eternal life as a result of partaking of the "water of life" that issues forth from the presence of God in the temple.

Trees grew along the river in both Ezekiel's vision and John's vision.  What does John teach us about these trees?

• They were all the tree of life.

What is this tree of life? 

• In Lehi's vision, "...the tree of life was a representation of the love of God" (1 Ne. 11:25).

How does the love of God heal and give life? 

• The ultimate expression of God's love is the atoning sacrifice of His Son.  Because He suffered and died for us, we can be healed of the wounds of sin and the effects of a fallen earth, if we repent and come to Christ.  As we do so, we can partake of the waters of life which lead to eternal happiness and joy with the righteous, our loved ones, and with God.

(Copyright 2010, Camille R. Jensen

Copying permitted for personal, home, or church use.)

Read Ezekiel 47:2-5.  How deep was the river each time Ezekiel crossed it?  What truth might these verses suggest about the temple? 

• The water of the river represents the "water of life."  As we engage in the work of the temple (each time we cross the river) the power and blessings of the temple increase in our lives.  How can we drink from the water, if we don't go to the river? 
• Wonderful truths are taught in the temple.  When first we attend, our understanding may be only "ankle deep."  As we wade into the "river" again and again, our understanding deepens.  We will never reach the bottom of this source of water, but each time we go to the temple, we can let them "wash over" us.
• The number 1,000 symbolizes divine completeness and the glory of the Father.  The number 1,000 is repeated four times.  Four symbolizes the world and creative works.  In the temple, God's glory and perfection intersect the world He created.

SYMBOLISM IN THE RIVER

How is the river a good symbol for the temple and the truths taught there?  What does a river do/give?  (Here are some ideas, but class members may have better ones.) 

• Polish rocks
• Irrigate crops
• Change the face of the land
• Create a pathway
• Provide means for speedy transportation
• Cleanse
• Provide meat (fish) and vegetation for nutrition
• Soothe with sound
• Deposit fertile soil in a new place
• Quench thirst
• Provide shade trees and fruit trees
• The water in a river remains pure because it is constantly flowing

BIBLE "SCATTERGORIES"

Divide the class into two teams.  Give each team member a paper and pencil.  You can either have the following categories already printed on the papers, or hand out blank papers and list the categories on the board.  When you say "go," each team member must write down one incident in church history, from the Bible to the latter-days, that would fit symbolically in each category.  It can even be a personal or family history incident.  Stop them in 2 minutes.  Call out the categories and have class members share what they wrote.  The object is for each team to have written down the largest number of different incidents.  Award one point for each different answer that is given.  (In other words, if two team members wrote "Sacred Grove" for number one, only one point is awarded to the team for that answer.  If two people on different teams give the same answer, though, each team gets a point for the answer.)  Any answer can be correct if the team member can explain the symbolism for his choice, so encourage creativity!  The high scoring team wins.  (If you award treats to the winners, it's always nice to have smaller "consolation" treats for the other team as well.)

1. A tree or trees
2. The sound of rushing waters
3. A mountain
4. Fishermen
5. Great schools of "fish"
6. A desert (This is the one that is hot and sandy.  The one that you eat is spelled with two S's.)
7. A sea
8. Fruit
9. A river

Possible answers (just to give you ideas):

1. A tree or trees (the First Vision, the Garden of Eden, Lehi's Dream, the Garden of Gethsemane, the parable of the olive trees)
2. The sound of rushing waters (Pentecost, the Kirtland Temple Dedication)
3. A mountain (The Mount of Transfiguration, Hill Cumorah, Ensign Peak, any latter-day temple, the Mount of Olives, Golgatha, Mount Sinai)
4. Fishermen (The New Testament Apostles, missionaries)
5. Great schools of "fish" (The early Latter-day converts in England, Canada, Tonga, Africa, and other areas where congregations were prepared to join the Church as a group--each individual country mentioned can count.)
6. A desert (The Exodus, the travels of Lehi's family, the crossing of the U.S. by the pioneers, the settling of the Salt Lake Valley, southern Utah, and Arizona)
7. A sea (Crossing the Red Sea, the Jaredites' travels, the Nephite emigration, the gathering of the early European pioneers, the missionaries to the South Seas--in fact the travels of any missionary over any ocean today, Christ walking on the water, Peter walking on the water, the Ship Brooklyn)
8. Fruit (The fruit of the Spirit, the converts to the gospel, the growing of fruit trees in the settlements of the western U.S., the planting of fruits and vegetables along the pioneers' path in order to provide for followers, the fruits of the trees in the Garden of Eden, the parable of the olive trees)
9. A river (The washing of Naaman in the Jordan River, the crossing of the North Platte and Sweetwater Rivers by the pioneers, the rescue of Moses from the Nile, the river Laman in the Book of Mormon, the miracle at Fishing River, the baptism of an ancestor in a river)

TAKE-HOME REMINDER

For fairly small classes, a fun visual reminder for each student to take home might be a bottle of water, with a label glued over the original label and printed with a photo of a temple and this scripture:  "Whosever drinketh of this water shall thirst again: But whosoever shall drink of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life."  John 4:13-14

(Feel free to copy and print the temple photos in this blog entry for use in your class.  The photographer is my teenage daughter, Camille.)

Old Testament Lesson #43 "The Shepherds of Israel"

Ezekiel 18, 34, 37

PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY

Whereas previously in the Old Testament, the Lord has promised that the sins of the fathers will be upon the heads of the children until "the third and fourth generations" (see Exo. 20:5; 34:7; Numbers 14:18; Deut. 5:9), in Ezekiel 18, this message is changed.  Now, the Lord says, each person is accountable for himself.  His father may be evil, but he can choose to be righteous.  This has many comforting implications for us of the latter-days as well.  It is nice to know that we are not doomed by genetics or environment to commit whatever sins or weaknesses our parents may have possessed.  Each generation can have a fresh start.  This is the message of the entire chapter, concluding with this encouraging cheer:  "Cast away from you all your transgressions, whereby ye have transgressed; and make you a new heart and a new spirit; for why will ye die, O house of Israel?...Wherefore, turn yourselves, and live ye" (18:31-32).

CHURCH LEADERSHIP & CHRIST AS OUR SHEPHERD

Chapter 34 is a scathing rebuke to church leaders (shepherds of Israel) who have misused power, misinterpreted scripture, and misled those seeking the truth, juxtaposed (there's that word again!) against the perfect example of Christ as a true Shepherd.  Verses 17-25 are a symbolic representation of the Great Apostacy.

Double-clicking on the following pages should pull them up in a separate window where they can be easily read.  Unfortunately, the blogger would not accept a .pdf document file, so they are picture files, and don't equal a normal page size.  But by right-clicking on them, and choosing "Save Picture As," they can each be saved and inserted into a Word document, re-sizing as desired, and then the document can be printed off and given to class members as a handout.  Please be sure to copy and paste in the reference, which is printed below the pages.

Information on the shepherds of the Holy Land comes from Dr. Carl Stanley, “Beside Still Waters,” Saturday Evening Post, March/April 2002.

THE GLORY OF THE RESURRECTION

Chapter 37 contains the vision of the dry bones, famed in American Negro spirituals.  What imagery about the great power of the resurrection could be more vivid than a vast and gruesome graveyard full of unburied bones--perhaps the site of a horrific battle--suddenly becoming animated?  There is a rattling sound, a shaking, as the bones clatter up and reassemble themselves.  Then the flesh and skin appear and reattach themselves.  A wind, or a spirit (see footnote 9a), breathes life into the bodies.  The spirits, the breath, comes from "the four winds" or from all the areas of the earth (see symbolism for the number 4 in a previous entry under "Chapter 15 Clarifications).  Who are these dead revived?  "These bones are the whole house of Israel" who had lost hope, who seemed dead.  But the Lord can reach His people, even beyond the grave, and restore them to their rightful place.

Here is another vision with dual meaning:  Besides the obvious message of the Resurrection, another message just as vital is that the children of Israel who were spiritually dead, cut off the from the knowledge of their Savior, and scattered to all the atheistic lands of the earth, will be brought back to the spiritual life and light of the gospel.

This will be accomplished by the conjoining of the Book of Mormon and the Bible (the stick of Joseph and the stick of Judah).  Then the Lord will be able to make an "everlasting covenant" with them, setting His temples "in the midst of them" (v. 26-27).

Old Testament Lesson #42 "I Will Write It In Their Hearts"

Jeremiah 16; 23; 29;31

The Book of Jeremiah, at its most basic, has two themes:  The estrangement of Israel from the Lord leading to grave consequences, and the eventual mercy of the Lord when Israel repents and returns.  Many of the chapters contain these two themes, back-to-back, including the chapters in this reading assignment.

RETRIBUTION AND REDEMPTION

The Lord charges Israel of Jeremiah's day with a greater misconduct than previous generations.  "Because your fathers have forsaken me, saith the Lord, and have (1) walked after other gods, and have (2) served them, and have (3) worshipped them, and have (4) forsaken me, and have (5) not kept my law; And ye have done worse than your fathers; for, behold, ye (6) walk every one after the [stubbornness or hardness] of his evil hearts, that they may not hearken unto me:  Therefore will I cast you out of this land into a land that ye know not, neither ye nor your fathers; and there shall ye serve other gods day and night: where I will not shew you favour" (16:11-13).  It is interesting that to have a hardened heart was considered worse by the Lord than to abandon true worship and follow after idols!

But in the very next verse, we find a promise of redemption.  It is not to happen right away, but in "the days [that] come," probably the very latter days.  It will be such a great rescue, that it will eclipse the Exodus from Egypt!  Where for thousands of years, the Israelites have uttered their oaths by saying, "As the Lord liveth, that brought up the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt," they will after this time swear, "as the Lord liveth, that brought up the children of Israel from the land of the north, and from all the lands whither he had driven them" (16:14-15).

DETAILS OF THE RESCUE

The Lord explains how the gathering is to be accomplished:  First he will send out the fishers (16:16).  Fishers of ancient times used large nets in which they could reap a massive harvest in one catch.  So was the beginning of the harvest of souls in the early days of the Restoration.  As the missionaries went to England, to Canada, to Wales, to Denmark, large groups of converts joined at once.  Hundreds of investigators gathered at the Benbow Farm in England, for example, studying the Bible together, seeking the true religion, and they joined the Church as a large unit when the missionaries arrived.  A similar event happened in Canada.  So many saints joined the Church in Europe that the Perpetual Emigration Fund was set up in order to finance their gathering.  They traveled across the plains of the United States in huge wagon trains and handcart companies, part of a massive movement.

After the fishers are finished with their work, the Lord will send the hunters.  "They shall hunt them from every mountain, and from every hill, and out of the holes of the rocks" (16:16).  Today the missionaries in those same countries do not find large groups of religious seekers waiting for them to bring the gospel.  Instead they must hunt among the crowds, tracting door-to-door, finding here one and there one.  It's very common for a missionary to a European country to see only one or two baptisms during his entire mission.  But the hunters are just as important to the Lord's work as the fishers! 

The work of the gathering will spread over the entire earth.  "The [nations] shall come unto thee from the ends of the earth, and shall say, Surely our fathers have inherited lies, vanity, and things wherein there is no profit" (16:19).  They will realize that if they make their own gods, they are not gods, they have no power (16:20).  Therefore, at this time ["this once"] they will come to the knowledge of the Lord Jehovah (16:21).

DUALISM IN JEREMIAH

"For thus saith the Lord, that after seventy years be accomplished at Babylon I will visit you, and perform my good work toward you, in causing you to return to this place" (29:10).  "The number seventy is another combination of two of the perfect numbers, seven and ten...The product exhibits the significance of each in an intensified form. Hence 7 x 10 signifies perfect spiritual order carried out with all spiritual power and significance. Both spirit and order are greatly emphasized" (BibleStudy.org).

This prophecy can be seen as having two fulfillments.  70 years after Jeremiah, Cyrus freed the captive Israelites.  Many decided to stay in Babylon, the northern Israelite captives having been there for nearly 200 years, and the Judaens having been there for 70 living an agreeable lifestyle, as Jeremiah prophecied (28:4-7).  Ezra 1-6 tells us of the small group who first returned, rebuilt the altar of the temple, and then began an effort to resurrect the temple itself (Alec Motyer, The Story of the Old Testament, p. 163).

However, this prophecy is also being fulfilled in our day through the Restoration of the gospel after the Great Apostacy, as well as in individual lives after their return from personal apostacy.  We each can reap the beautiful promise offered by the Lord:

"For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the Lord, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end.  Then shall ye call upon me, and ye shall go and pray unto me, and I will hearken unto you.  And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart.  And I will be found of you, saith the Lord: and I will turn away your captivity, and I will gather you from all the nations, and from all the places whither I have driven you, saith the Lord; and I will bring you again into the place whence I caused you to be carried away captive" (29:11-14).  Remember that the word "place" often has an underlying meaning of "temple" in the Old Testament.  We can each be returned to the temple from the captivity of our sinfulness if we seek the Lord diligently.

Engraving on the Logan Temple

A MESSAGE OF HOPE FOR PARENTS

"I will be the God of all the families of Israel, and they shall be my people...I have loved thee with an everlasting love: therefore with lovingkindness have I drawn thee [to me]" (31:1, 3). 

Jeremiah 31 is full of beautiful images of the redemption of the Lord and the return of his people.  I see an especially hopeful message to parents of wandering children:  "A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation and bitter weeping; Ra[c]hel weeping for her children refused to be comforted for her children, because they were not" (31:15).  Rachel was one of the matriarchs of the nation of Israel.  Ramah was the place where the Israelites were gathered before their deportation.  It was north of Jerusalem, possibly near to Rachel's grave.  How many righteous latter-day saint parents have wept as they watched their children being herded off to Babylon by forces beyond their control?  Fortunately, this is never the end of the story.  "Thus saith the Lord; Refrain thy voice from weeping, and thine eyes from tears: for thy work shall be rewarded, saith the Lord; and they shall come again from the land of the enemy.  And there is hope [for thy future], saith the Lord, that thy children shall come again to their own border" (31:16-17).

"And it shall come to pass, that like as I have watched over them, to pluck up, and to break down, and to throw down, and to destroy, and to afflict; so will I watch over them, to build, and to plant, saith the Lord" (31:28).

This promise of the Lord is shown in this oft-quoted statement, repeated most recently by Elder Eyring in October 2009 General Conference:  "Elder Orson F. Whitney, in a general conference of 1929, gave a remarkable promise, which I know is true, to the faithful parents who honor the temple sealing to their children: 'Though some of the sheep may wander, the eye of the Shepherd is upon them, and sooner or later they will feel the tentacles of Divine Providence reaching out after them and drawing them back to the fold...Pray for your careless and disobedient children; hold on to them with your faith. Hope on, trust on, till you see the salvation of God.'"

THE NEW COVENANT

"Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah" (31:31).  This covenant would not be a law of outward observances, like the Law of Moses (31:32), but a complete transformation of the soul.  This difference is shown in latter-day temple worship.  Beyond offering sacrifices of animals or birds to redeem them from sin, the latter-day templegoers are offering the consecration of not only everything they possess, but their whole beings, not to simply return them to a sinless state, but to elevate them to a godly state.

"After those days [any statement like this usually refers to the latter days], saith the Lord, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people" (31:33).

There will be no more need for missionary work.  "And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the Lord" (31:34).

How sure is this prophecy?  The Lord tells us.  "If heaven above can be measured [it can't], and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath [they can't], I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done" (31:37).  In other words, Israel will never be cast away permanently.  The redemption of Christ will always be available to her.  This is true even in an individual sense.  Some may think their sins are beyond the reach of the redemption of Christ, that their hearts can never be purified, but the Lord's mercy and power are endless.

JOURNEY BACK TO ZION

The journey that many of us in the latter days must make to reach a state of purification is symbolized in the story of the engraver of the Salt Lake Temple, John R. Moyle.

"John R. Moyle lived in Alpine, Utah, about 22 miles as the crow flies to the Salt Lake Temple, where he was the chief superintendent of masonry during its construction. To make certain he was always at work by 8 o’clock, Brother Moyle would start walking about 2 a.m. on Monday mornings. He would finish his work week at 5 p.m. on Friday and then start the walk home, arriving there shortly before midnight. Each week he would repeat that schedule for the entire time he served on the construction of the temple." (Jeffrey R. Holland, "As Doves to Our Windows," Ensign, May 2000.)

Likely, Brother Moyle would have traveled across the mountain from Alpine to present-day Draper, and on across the Salt Lake Valley to Temple Square.  The journey he took can be followed on Google Maps.  Click on "Get Directions," type "Alpine, Utah" as Point A, "Draper Temple, Utah" as Point B, click on "Add Destination," and type "Historic Temple Square, Salt Lake City, Utah" as the final destination.  It is a 20-minute winding journey by car from Alpine to Draper today, and another 30 minutes, mostly on the freeway, from Draper to Temple Square, although Brother Moyle's route was probably a little more direct.

Check out the mountains
Brother Moyle would have traversed weekly:

The view from the Alpine side.

Looking back from the Draper side.

"Once when he was home on the weekend, one of his cows bolted during milking and kicked Brother Moyle in the leg, shattering the bone just below the knee. With no better medical help than they had in such rural circumstances, his family and friends took a door off the hinges and strapped him onto that makeshift operating table. They then took the bucksaw they had been using to cut branches from a nearby tree and amputated his leg just a few inches below the knee. When against all medical likelihood the leg finally started to heal, Brother Moyle took a piece of wood and carved an artificial leg. First he walked in the house. Then he walked around the yard. Finally he ventured out about his property. When he felt he could stand the pain, he strapped on his leg, walked the 22 miles to the Salt Lake Temple, climbed the scaffolding, and with a chisel in his hand hammered out the declaration 'Holiness to the Lord.'" (ibid.)

Likewise, we find ourselves maimed by the world as we go about our daily lives.  We must sometimes enlist the aid of loved ones to amputate the damaged, infectious parts of ourselves, our habits of sin, and replace them with new habits, painstakingly carved one day at a time, in order to make that long walk to back to God.  But as we do so, the Lord meets our efforts with the grace of his Atonement, and we are able to climb up the scaffolding to the temple and reach a state of "holiness to the Lord."

This is the promise of the Lord in Jeremiah.  "Behold, I will bring them from the north country, and gather them from the [ends] of the earth, and with them the blind and the lame, the woman with child and her that travaileth with child together: a great company shall return thither.  They shall come with weeping, and with supplications will I lead them: I will cause them to walk by the rivers of [living] waters in a straight way, wherein they shall not stumble: for I am a father to Israel, and Ephraim is my firstborn" (31:8-9).

Old Testament Lesson #41 "I Have Made Thee This Day...an Iron Pillar"

Jeremiah 1-2, 15, 20, 36-38

THE MAN JEREMIAH

Biblical historian Alex Motyer writes, "In [Jeremiah] we meet a man beset by a sense of inadequacy, holding on with determined fidelity to a God who frequently baffled him, and acting with a courage always at odds with his personal insecurities.  We could well call him the most human of the prophets, the most unlikely prophet, too--and therefore the prophet whose example speaks most movingly to us who are cast in the same mold" (Motyer, p. 121).

The first thing the Lord revealed to Jeremiah was the truth about Jeremiah himself: that he was foreordained, that his nature was divine, that, contrary to his personal belief about himself, he was prepared for his mission in life (1:4-5).  Jeremiah's opinion of himself was vastly inferior to the Lord's opinion of him.  Jeremiah cried, "Ah, Lord God!  I am completely incompetent" (1:6).  And the Lord answered, "What you are or what you can do are irrelevant: all that matters is that you are with me" (1:7-10). Over and over again, Jeremiah obeyed the constant injunction of the Lord to all of us to "fear not," when his natural inclination was terror.  By continually obeying the Lord's frightful commands, Jeremiah learned to live according to the truth about himself as revealed by God, rather than by his own faulty and inferior "self-esteem," thus successfully fulfilling the mighty role God intended for him. 

Each of us who has sought a patriarchal blessing has received a "call" similar to Jeremiah's, always with a revelation from the Lord telling us the truth about ourselves and revealing the mission of our life, often including details about our pre-earth life or foreordination and the divinity of our nature.  If we can start out our adult life, chapter 1, verse 1, with this "call," and if we can trust in the Lord's opinion of us, rather than our own flimsy self-esteem, we can be prepared to meet the overwhelming challenges of our mission admirably, as did Jeremiah.  (If you have class members who need more information about patriarchal blessings, this may be a great place to address the topic.  Here is a link to information about patriarchal blessings on the Church's website.)

THE BOOK JEREMIAH

Notice how the reading assignment for this lesson jumps drastically through the book in order to give a logical sequence for study?  The book of Jeremiah is confusing.  First off, the dates are all jumbled up.  Jeremiah's address at the temple in chapter 7 can be dated to 608 BC.  Chapter 21 occurs in 589-588 BC.  Chapter 25 fits in 605 BC.  Chapter 32 occurs in 587 BC.  Chapter 31 goes back to the beginning at 608 BC.  "The book is not arranged chronologically, and this sense of an anthology rather than an orderly presentation is enhanced by the varieties of literary genre and the unpredictible way in which they occur"  (Motyer, p. 122).  There are poetical passages, biographical passages, and prose discourses, all jumbled up every which way.  Why?  Motyer writes, "It is not permissible to [explain the apparent disorder] by assuming that ancient editors were less than devoutly serious and seriously competent in what they did.  The books of the prophets as they have come to us give enough evidence of carefully structured composition to make it appropriate to attempt [to make sense also of Jeremiah]" (Motyer, p. 123).

Motyer has taken a great effort to make a basic outline of the book of Jeremiah, "a sort of stepping stone pathway through the book [following] the thread of thought."  Much more detail is available in Motyer's book than I can include here (Motyer, p. 123-125).  And, of course, all the themes intertwine among and around each other, popping up here and there, but this list identifies general themes that follow a logical sequence and order.

• Prologue: Jeremiah's Call. 1:1-19
• Israel's Unfaithfulness. 2:1-6:30
• Misunderstood Privileges. 7:1-13:27
• Inescapable Judgment. 14:1-20:18
• The Failure and Triumph of the Covenant. 21:1-24:10
• Conclusion: The Course and Governing Principle of History (the efficacy of the Lord's word, and the justice of the Lord's judgment). 25:1-38
• The Word of Consolation.  26:1-44:30
  • 1.Jeremiah Authenticated.  26:1-29:32
  • 2.The Book of Consolation. 30:1-33:26
  • 3.Hope Deferred. 34:1-44:30 
• Jeremiah: A Prophet to the Nations. 45:1-51:64
• Postscript. 52:1-34

THE PROMISES TO JEREMIAH

The Lord promised Jeremiah that he would have great trials, but that he would always prevail.  "I have made thee this day a defenced city, and an iron pillar, and brasen walls against the whole land...They shall fight against thee: but they shall not prevail against thee; for I am with thee, saith the Lord, to deliver thee" (1:18-19, and restated in 15:20). 

Jeremiah obeyed all the commands of the Lord, many of them frightful, almost suicidal.  And what was his reward?  "He had to face continuous opposition and insult from the priests, the mob, his townsmen..., the frivolous and cruel, the king, and the army.  After the fall of Jerusalem the Jews who escaped into Egypt took Jeremiah with them as a kind of fetish and at last, according to tradition, stoned him to death."  (Bible Dictionary, p. 711)  He was cast into a dungeon full of muck, so much that he sank into it and nearly died.  The people did not listen to his words, but to those of the false prophets who promised the Lord would save them as the covenant people no matter what they did.  Jeremiah might not be blamed if he had said, "Excuse me?  I'm a little confused here:  I thought the Lord said I would be impervious to danger.  I thought he said I would win, or at the very least, I would be saved."  And in some ways, he did ask questions like that (see 15:18 and 20:7-8).  But each time Jeremiah recognized the fulfillment of the promise:  it was a different kind of deliverance, an eternal deliverance.

In chapter 1, Jeremiah wrote, "Then the Lord put forth his hand, and touched my mouth.  And the Lord said unto me, Behold, I have put my words in thy mouth.  See, I have this day set thee over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw down, to build, and to plant" (1:9-10).  The Lord revealed the frightful things that Jeremiah was to prophesy.  (In this reading assignment, 1:11-2:37, and then 15:1-14.)  As might be predicted, the prophecies did not go over well with the wicked people, and Jeremiah was persecuted severely.  Despite a great desire to save himself from the constant assault of the people, he could not stop preaching.  "Then I said, I will not make mention of [the Lord], nor speak any more in his name.  But his word was in mine heart as a burning fire shut up in my bones, and I was weary with forbearing [resisting], and I could not [stop prophesying]" (20:9).

And yet, while complaining of this persecution, he gloried in the revelation, and in the salvation of Jehovah:  "Thy words were found, and I did eat them; and thy word was unto me the joy and rejoicing of mine heart: for I am called by thy name, O Lord God of hosts" (15:16).  This was literal:  Jeremiah's name means "Jehovah will exalt," (Tefan). 

Jeremiah's lamentations (as in 20:14-18, as well as in the paragraph above) are directly juxtaposed with his prayers or songs of praise (as in 20:11-13).  Everything in the scriptures is there for a reason.  What do we learn from this?  Perhaps we expect a prophet of God to submit willingly all the time, and to never despair, even for a moment.  But maybe it is a greater lesson to observe that, although Jeremiah understandably complained, he always, always carried on!  Never did he give up!  His desire to do the Lord's will repeatedly trumped his wish for physical and social comfort.  Do we have "fire in our bones"?  Where do we find our greater drive?  For ease, or for truth?  For our will, or for God's will?  The answer to this question will determine whether we are also "Jeremiahs": people whom "Jehovah will exalt".

CHAPTER 15 CLARIFICATIONS
v. 1 Even if the great prophets Moses and Samuel were to petition the Lord in behalf of the present Israelites, the Lord will still destroy them.
v. 2 If they ask Jeremiah where they should go, he can simply reply, "Those destined for disease, go to disease; those destined for war, go to war; those destined for starvation, starve; those destined for captivity, go to captivity."  (They have given up the option of repentance.)
v. 3 The Lord will send four kinds of destroyers to do the job.  The number four refers to the temporal creations of God. 

• On the fourth day, the creation of the earth was complete, with only man and beasts remaining to fill it. 
• There are four elements on the earth: earth, air, fire, water. 
• There are four regions of the earth: north, south, east, west. 
• There are four seasons on the earth: spring, summer, autumn, winter. 
• In addition, there are four types of animals on the earth, and this may match the symbolism of the four destroyers here: man (the sword), domesticated animals (the dog?), wild animals (the beasts), and birds (the fowls).  If that is the case, the message here is that the enemies will be of all types, from everywhere, and will do the job completely.  Another idea, from Harper-Collins Study Bible, is that the sword will kill, the dogs will drag away to captivity (NIV translation puts "drag" where the KJV says "tear"), and the birds and animals will devour and destroy from above and beneath.

v. 4 The reason for this fury from God is the evil that was done under Manasseh's rule.
v. 5 When Jerusalem is gone, there won't even be anyone left to care about it or mourn for it.
v.6 "I am weary with repenting" is translated in the NIV as "I am weary of relenting."  The Lord is tired of exercising mercy and forbearance in case the Israelites will repent, when they never do repent.
v. 7 "Winnowing is an agricultural method developed by ancient cultures for separating grain from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain...In its simplest form it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff, while the heavier grains fall back down for recovery. Techniques included using a winnowing fan (a shaped basket shaken to raise the chaff) or using a tool (a winnowing fork or shovel) on a pile of harvested grain" (Wikipedia entry for "winnowing.")

(This painting of winnowing by fan, by Millet, appears in Wikipedia.)

v.8-9 "The mother of young men" would have the best position in society for a female.  The mother with seven young men would be the greatest of all, since seven symbolizes perfection and completion--when the number seven appears, it just doesn't get any better than that.  She has died prematurely ("given up the ghost; her sun is gone down while it was yet day").
v. 10 This is a brief complaint by Jeremiah, that although he has done nothing to hurt anyone ("I have neither lent on usury, nor men have lent to me on usury"), everyone despises him.
v. 11 The NIV translation says "The Lord said: Surely I have intervened in your life for good."  Harper-Collins comments, "God assumes responsibility for the contempt and persecution of the prophet, yet intervenes in the prophet's life for good."
v. 12 This persecution strengthens the prophet's character, enabling him to endure the disaster from the north (Harper-Collins).
v. 13-14 The enemies of the Israelites will get all of their treasure, and will carry them into a foreign land.
v. 15-16 Jeremiah begins his supplication to the Lord for mercy, reminding the Lord that he has done His will and suffered for it. 
v. 17 He did not join the merrymakers.  Under the Lord's direction, and with the message of the Lord burning inside him, he stood alone.
v. 18 As far as Jeremiah can see at this point, the Lord is not fulfilling his role in Jeremiah's life as the "fountain of living waters," but as "a deceitful brook" (NIV) or "waters that fail."  Jeremiah feels as one who travels in the wilderness, joyfully sees a creek bed, and then is bitterly disappointed to find it dry (Harper-Collins).  Like many of us in the midst of trial, Jeremiah wonders where the promised peace is.
v. 19 The Lord gently calls upon Jeremiah to repent, and he will be able to once again "stand before" the Lord, like a messenger who stands before the king and awaits the word.  What has Jeremiah done to deserve this rebuke?  In v. 17 he stated that he had never joined the evildoers.  But the sin can be found in v. 18, one that is common to all of us: Jeremiah lost faith and despaired.  It's understandable, but it is still a sin.  If he turns back, and chooses the "precious" word of the Lord, and leaves the "vile" feelings of hopelessness, he will once again be "as my mouth"--the prophet of the Lord.  A prophet cannot function without faith!  Jeremiah is to wait for the Israelites to change and come to him (even if it never happens); he is not to change and become faithless and lack eternal perspective like them.
v. 20-21 The original promise of his prophetic mission is reiterated:  The Lord will make him strong enough to endure, and win the eternal conflict.  Jeremiah will be delivered.

ADDITIONAL NOTES

Jeremiah was a contemporary of the prophets Habakuk, Obadiah, Nahum, and Lehi.  Here is a link to a very informative Ensign article, "Jerusalem at the Time of Lehi and Jeremiah", by Keith Meservy (Jan. 1988).

----------------

Alex Motyer, The Story of the Old Testament
Elder Jean A. Tefan, "Jeremiah: As Potter's Clay," Ensign, October 2002
BibleStudy.org for the meaning of the number 4

Note:  NIV stands for New International Version of the Bible
           KJV stands for King James Version of the Bible

Old Testament Lesson #40 "Enlarge the Place of Thy Tent"

Isaiah 54-56; 63-65

CHAPTER 54

"Isaiah 54 and 55 are beautiful chapters of encouragement; chapter 54 portrays the glory of Zion in the last days, and chapter 55 extends an invitation to all people to partake of the gospel.  Building upon the prophecy of the Messiah (chapter 53), these two chapters promise special blessings from the Savior's mission...

"[Chapters 54-58 lay] a foundation for the following eight chapters concerning the great blessings of a Zion society, a millenial reign, and a new heaven and new earth in the last days (chapters 59-66)"  (Victore Ludlow, Isaiah: Prophet, Seer and Poet, p. 458).

This chapter was quoted by Christ to the Nephites (3 Ne. 22).

v. 1 The places and peoples that were previously unfruitful in the gospel will produce a great harvest:  "More are the children of the desolate than the children of the married wife." 

v. 2-3 "In the last days, or the time in which we now live, the Lord will bring many people to Zion.  They will be so many that they cannot all fit in one place.  Rather than there being only one land of Zion, she will be established in many stakes" (Parry, et.al, p. 479).  The stakes will spread all over the earth, "on the right hand and on the left," and cities that previously had no Latter-day Saints ("the desolate cities") will now be inhabited with them.

v.4-10 Although the House of Israel suffered a temporary "widowhood," or being abandoned by the Lord because of their sins, the Lord is still her "husband" and will not permanently forsake her.  It is just as with the flood at the time of Noah: the Lord promised he would never drown the earth again, and he did not.  So also he has promised that he will not be angry with the House of Israel forever, and he will not.  His love and "the covenant of his peace" are more solid than the very mountains.

v.11-14  Despite the troubles the people have been through, partly because of their wickedness, the Lord will prepare an astonishingly beautiful city for them, in which their children can be taught of the Lord--"taught by the Lord" and/or "taught about the Lord."  (New Revised Standard Version and New International Version both translate this as "taught by the Lord.")  The result of this teaching is great peace for the children.

v.14-17 Evil people will still conspire, but it will not affect those who are near the Lord, who fall under his protection.  The Lord is in total control.

v. 17  President Ezra Taft Benson carried this verse in his wallet (Ensign, July 1994, p. 32).

CHAPTER 55

According to Victor Ludlow (p. 463), this chapter is in chiastic form.  (For more on chiasm, see Should I Not Spare Ninevah? in a previous entry.)

v. 1-3 Invites all to receive the everlasting gospel.
          v. 4-5 Promises help.
                    v. 6-7 Requests a turning back to the Lord.
                               v. 8 States that God's plans and ways are not
                               man's plans and ways.
                                         v. 9 Testifies that the heavens (spiritual
                                         plans) are above the earth (mortal
                                         designs).
                              v. 9 States again that God's plans and ways are
                              not like man's.
                    v.10-11 Declares that some things have already returned
                    back to God.
          v. 12 Promises that we can be led back to God's presence.
v. 13 Invites us to become God's everlasting sign.

CHAPTER 56

v. 1-2 Blessings to those who are obedient to the Lord.
v. 3-8 This is a beautiful passage about how the Lord desires to gather "the outcasts of Israel".  Those who have previously been excluded from the church, eunuchs (castrated slaves) and strangers (foreigners or Gentiles) (see Deut. 23:1-3) are now welcomed and afforded every privilege, even temple privileges, if they will keep the Sabbath and "take hold" of their covenants. Much more detail is available about keeping the Sabbath in chapter 58.
v. 5-8 "Mine house shall be called an house of prayer for all people," the Lord says.  Note the many, many references to temples in this passage:  "mine house," "within my walls," "a place (sometimes translated 'hand') and a name better than of sons and daughters," "an everlasting name," "my holy mountain," "my house of prayer," "burnt offerings and sacrifices," and "mine altar."  (If you have access to pictures of temples, or can print them off the Internet (see link later in this entry), each time one of these temple phrases is read in the passage, post a picture of one of our latter-day temples, so that the board will be covered with pictures of 8 or 10 temples as you read this verse.  If you plan to do the "Stakes of Zion ABCs" game, you may want to post the pictures of the temples refered to in the game.)
v. 9-12 "A short rebuke to the wicked of the time" (footnote 9a).

CHAPTER 63

v. 1 A question is asked:  "Who is this that cometh from Edom [symbolic of the wicked nations, according to Harper-Collins Study Bible], with dyed garments from Bozrah [a major city of Edom, also according to Harper-Collins]? this that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in the greatness of his strength?"  Who is the conquering hero?  Jesus Christ gives the answer:  "I that speak in righteousness, mighty to save."
v. 2 A second question is asked:  "[Why] art thou red in thine apparel, and thy garments like him that treadeth in the winefat?"  There is something very striking, very unnatural, about his clothing that draws the attention of the questioner.
v. 3-6 Christ answers again: "I have trodden the winepress alone..their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment."  It is the symbol of the great suffering of the Atonement.  Not coincidentally, geth means "garden" and "semane" means "a press for liquids" (Victor Ludlow, p. 514).
v. 4 Throughout the book of Isaiah, alternating prophecies are found regarding Jehovah's anger towards the wicked (which includes all of us at some time or another), and his mercy towards them when they repent.  In this verse, "The phrases 'day of vengeance' and 'year of redemption' show the ratio of the Lord's vegeance and redemption:  he will execute vengeance for only a day, but his redemption lasts for a year.  In other words, his punishments will be temporary, but his blessings permanent" (Victor Ludlow, p. 519).

The rest of the chapter is a prayer of praise for the Lord.  Some beautiful passages lie here.

v. 9 "In all their affliction he was afflicted, and the angel of his presence saved them: in his love and in his pity he redeemed them; and he bare them, and carried tham all the days of old.
v. 10 The people rebelled, however, and offended the Spirit, so that he had no choice but to be at enmity with them.
v. 11-13 Note the footnotes which greatly clarify who is speaking and about what.  The people remembered the previous great works of the Lord.
v. 14 As a result of their repentance, the Spirit of the Lord brought rest to them (see footnote 14c), just as a cow naturally heads into the furtile lands of the valley (see footnote 14a).
v. 15-19 The people offer a prayer to the Lord to "look down from heaven" upon them.  Even if they were not connected to their great fathers, Abraham and Israel, they know that God is their Father, and he will care for them forever and ask him to help them regain their inheritance from their enemies.  (Note footnote 17a.)

CHAPTER 64

v. 1-4 The prayer continues, glorifying God and his mighty works, which are beyond the understanding of men. 
v. 5-7 The people, admittedly, have sinned and departed from the Lord's ways.
v. 8 But now they acknowledge that they are nothing more than clay in the hands of the potter.  They are willing to let him shape their lives.
v. 9-12 They acknowledge that they have abandoned Zion and the temple, but they hope the Lord will be merciful to them.

CHAPTER 65

Here is the answer to the prayer.
v. 1-5 The Lord has "spread out [his] hands all the day unto a rebellious people."  They continue in their idolatrous ways, and they reject the Lord, saying they are holier than he is.  Sacrificing in groves of trees was an idolatrous practice.  Brick altars were idolatrous altars.  (The Lord instructed his people to sacrifice on altars of unhewn stone (Exo. 34:1-3).  Trying to communicate with ghosts, and eating pork were also against the commandments.
v. 6-10 So the Lord must mete out judgment.  He will not destroy them all.  A few people shall be "inheritors of [his] mountains (temples)."  Places that were previously troubled (Sharon, the valley of Achor) will now be peaceful pastures.
v. 11-12 The Lord again rebukes the wicked, those that forget "my holy mountain," that feed the idols of fortune and fate (see footnotes 11a and 11b).
v.13-15 Blessings will be given to the righteous, while the wicked will suffer.
v. 16 The sealing power will be available (see footnotes 16a and 16b).
v. 17-25 There will be a new heaven and earth, filled with joy.  No infants will live a life of only days, but will completely fill the life of an old man.  Fairness and justice will reign; people will be blessed in proportion to what they have done.  The Lord will answer their prayers before they are even spoken.  There will be no more predators or carnivores on the earth, but all animals shall live in peace with each other.  "There shall not [anything] hurt or destroy in all my holy mountain," suggesting that the entire earth will be as a temple, and all people will dwell in the presence of the Lord.

Here is a chiasm identified in Victor Ludlow's book, p. 528:

v. 8 "Thus saith the Lord...I may not destroy them all" because
some good is still present.
     v. 9-10 Servants and animals dwell in the land.
          v. 11 The wicked warned
               v. 12 War
                    v. 13 The righteous vs. the wicked
                         v. 14 Shouting, crying, howling
                              v. 15 Cursing
                                   v. 16 Former troubles forgotten
                                        v. 17 The Lord will create a  new
                                        heaven and earth
                                   v. 17 Former things not remembered
                              v. 18 Blessing
                         v. 19 Rejoicing, no weeping and wailing
                    v. 20 JST The innocent vs. the sinners
               v. 21 Peace
          v. 22 Chosen ones blessed
     v. 23-25 People and animals at peace on the earth
v. 26 Every being on the earth will do only good, "saith the Lord."

"President Joseph Fielding Smith repeatedly stressed that this chapter of Isaiah does not refer to a celestialized earth.  Instead, the new heavens and earth prophesied by Isaiah will come at the beginning of the Millennium." (Ludlow, p. 529. He gives four references.)

"Verse 20 shows that two characteristics of all people during the Millennium will be a long life and the retention of agency and the capacity to sin."  Most people, in this righteous environment, would choose to come to Christ, but agency still exists.  Sinners (meaning those who sin and do not repent--no one will be perfect yet) living to be 100 years old will be cursed because they will not enjoy the post-earthly period of spirit prison in which to pay for their sins, but will have to suffer for them on the earth before their own resurrections (Ludlow, p. 531).

Isaiah 65 and 66 are in striking contrast to Isaiah 1 and 2, indicating the highly structured form of Isaiah.

Stakes of Zion ABCs
Here is a fun little game to play to emphasize the spread of the Church, and the growth still to come as the gathering of Israel takes place.  I have chosen some countries that were interesting to me, but if you would like to choose others (for example, those in which you have ward members serving missions, or those in which class members have ancestry or special interest), go to cumorah.com, choose "International LDS Database," and then "LDS Country Database."  Click on your country or type it into the "search" bar, and then scroll down through the country's article until you find "Official LDS Statistics."  Or look down below in the first comment where reader CarlH has left a link to the statistics on the Church's website.)


For large classes:  Print up the list of countries, cut them apart, and pass them out among class members.  Have them simply stand up and read them in alphabetical order.


For smaller classes:  Print up the list of countries and keep it to yourself.  Say the letter of the alphabet and have the class members guess which country is on your list.  Toss a small treat to the student who guesses the country.  If no one guesses it within 10 seconds, give the name.  Then have the class members guess how many saints might be in that country.  The class member who guesses the closest gets a small treat.  Tell them the real number, as well as how many congregations, and how many missions and temples are in the country.  Keep the game moving fast.


For competitive classes:  Divide the class into two teams, and play as above, taking turns between the classes, and giving a point to the team who guesses each item correctly.


If you would like to print up photographs of the temples included, you can find them at lds.org.  As you read each country's data, you can have them guess which temple pictured is in that country, if you posted the pictures earlier while reading through Isiaah 56:5-8.  If not, you can post them now as they are mentioned.


A--Albania:  1,730 saints in 10 congregations, 1 mission
B--Botswana:  1,302 saints in 4 congregations
C--Cuba:  50 saints
D--Domican Republic:  98,268 saints in 183 congregations, 3 missions, 1 temple
E--Egypt:  less than 100 saints in 1 branch
F--Fiji:  14,120 saints in 44 congregations, 1 mission, 1 temple
G--Guatemala:  200,537 saints in 428 congregations, 4 missions, 1 temple
H--Hong Kong:  22,939 saints in 42 congregations, 1 mission, 1 temple
I--India:  1,752 saints in 26 congregations, 1 mission
J--Japan:  122,422 saints in 294 congregations, 7 missions, 2 temples
K--Kazakhstan:  125 members in 1 congregation
L--Lebanon:  139 members in 1 congregation
M--Malaysia:  4,626 saints in 19 congregations
N--New Zealand:  96,027 saints in 201 congregations, 2 missions, 1 temple
O--Oman:  no Latter-day Saints
P--Pakistan:  200 saints in 4 congregations
R--Russia:  15,615 saints in 102 congregations, 8 missions
S--South Korea:  80,420 saints in 143 congregations, 4 missions, 1 temple
T--Taiwan:  47,034 saints in 97 congregations, 3 missions, 1 temple
U--Ukraine:  10,394 saints in 49 congregations, 2 missions, 1 temple
V--Vietnam:  100 saints in 2 congregations
W--Western Sahara:  no Latter-day Saints
Y--Yemen:  no Latter-day Saints
Z--Zimbabwe:  16,969 saints in 45 congregations, 1 mission

CONCLUSION

Isaiah 60 offers a glorious call to missionary work, to hasten the coming of the Lord.

"Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee.  For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people: but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee.  And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising.  (These verses are also found in the Messiah oratorio.)  (Isaiah 60:1-3)

How many of us have seen the Light of Christ manifest in the face of another?  Those who are seeking the truth often recognize a light about the members of the Church, and they are drawn to it.

People of other faiths are also attracted to the light of the temples.  "For years now, they've been flocking to the Freiberg Germany Temple, the LDS Church milestone that 25 years ago became the first Mormon temple operating inside the Iron Curtain. They come to stroll the walkways in solitude or sit on the outside benches to ponder and pray. They gather on the lawns for bridal photos and wedding-party snapshots. They call it 'our temple' — one leader recently boasted that 'Freiberg has become world-famous because of the temple.' Oh, and 'they' are the non-Mormons living in and around Freiberg. And the leader? The current mayor of Freiberg, who joined past and present civic dignitaries and local leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in a silver-anniversary celebration..."  (Deseret News, Sept. 6, 2010)

"Lift up thine eyes round about, and see: all they gather themselves together, they come to thee: thy sons shall come from far, and thy daughters shall be nursed at thy side.

"Then thou shalt see, and [be radiant], and thine heart shall [reverence the Lord], and be enlarged; because the abundance of the sea [great multitudes] shall be converted unto thee, the [wealth] of the Gentiles shall come unto thee...

"And the sons of strangers [converts] shall build up thy walls [the city of Zion, and the temples], and their kings shall minister unto thee...Therefore thy gates shall be open continually; they shall not be shut day nor night; that men may bring unto thee the forces of the Gentiles, and that their kings may be brought...

"The glory of Lebanon [the most beautiful building materials available] shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box [tree] together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary [the temple], and I will make the place of my feet [the temple] glorious...

"Thy people also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the [earth] forever, the branch of my planting, the word of my hands, that I may be glorified."  (Isaiah 60:4-5, 10-13, 21)

End class with a challenge for each class member to focus on what he could do to participate in this joyous expansion of missionary work and temple-building, and to increase the Light of Christ in his own countenance that it may be recognized by those seeking it.