With the conversion of many Europeans to the church, the
necessity of gathering them to Zion was a great problem. The conditions in the big cities of Europe
were deplorable. Evacuation was
essential to the salvation of these saints, yet many of them were very poor and
could never afford the tremendous expense of a covered wagon and team of
oxen. Looking for a less-expensive
solution, the idea of traveling by handcarts was presented and approved.
This painting is from True West Magazine
Handcarts were not invented for pioneers, but were common in
big cities, used by the street vendors in big cities.
It was a crazy idea to use these for crossing the plains, but it was an
inspired crazy idea. It made it possible
for many desperately poor Saints to gather.
January 12, 1856, The
Millennial Star (the Church magazine in England), published instructions for
gathering, and subsequent later articles elaborated.
Traveling by handcart was, however, a knife-edge plan at
best, with no room for error. It was
based on the bare minimum. Each company
of saints would charter a ship to America and then cross by rail to Iowa City, where handcarts would have been
prepared for them. The companies were to
be led by the missionaries who had served in Europe and who were now traveling
home. There were 5 people to a handcart,
with 17 pounds baggage each. 20 people
(or 4 handcarts) were assigned to one tent.
100 people (or 20 handcarts) were assigned to one Chicago wagon which
carried their tents and their food. 90
days' rations (rations being the operative word here—the bare minimum) were to
be brought. Each person was allowed one
change of clothing plus their own bedding and cookware. The estimated travel time was 70 days and was
quite optimistic, although one of the first companies, full of converts from
Wales, did it in 65. Handcart companies
were to be met and resupplied with food and provisions at Fort Laramie provided by the saints
in Salt Lake City.
Mission President Franklin D. Richards published this advice
to those who would join the handcart companies:
“It is our constant desire not to mislead the Saints concerning the
difficulties of the journey to Utah. We
wish them calmly to make up their minds that it is not an easy task, and to
start with faith, trusting in Israel’s God for success…” (LeRoy R. Hafen and Ann W. Hafen, Handcarts to Zion: The Story of a Unique
Western Migration, 1856-1860, p. 42-43).
The prospect of affordable travel to Zion overjoyed the poor
Saints of Europe so much that hundreds of them signed on. Things went quite well for the first two
companies. They crossed the plains more
quickly than oxen could. They arrived in
Salt Lake destitute, but they had left Europe destitute, and here their
brothers in the gospel could help them, and opportunity for improvement
abounded.
The next two companies however, led by missionaries James
Willie and Edward Martin, had a multiplicity of problems.
The system was flooded with potential immigrants and it was
difficult to book passage for them all.
During the 7-month sailing season of 1855-1856, almost 5,000 Mormon
converts crossed the sea, some with wagon companies, most with handcart companies. Many of the saints joyously, but not wisely,
quit their jobs as soon as they heard of the handcart plan. Now they had no choice but to move ahead, and
no funds with which to purchase supplies.
President Brigham Young was alarmed at the late departure of some of
these ships when he received the report by mail on July 31, and wrote to new
mission president Orson Pratt, “They should be landed early in May, and not
much, if any after the first of that month, in Boston or New York. You will please to attend to this matter in
the season there of.” The good ship Thornton hadn’t
left England until May 3, and the Horizon didn't leave until May 25!
When they reached Florence, Nebraska, some of the saints
stayed behind, waiting for better passage.
It was well-known that to cross the plains safely, you must reach
Independence Rock in central Wyoming by Independence Day, July 4 (hence the name of the rock). But the majority of the intrepid converts
felt they should push on. Unfortunately,
rather than sticking with the sound advice of their Church president, as well as
that of the travel guide books available, they decided to make a democratic
decision and vote on whether to cross.
Of course, not having ever crossed the plains, and being mostly
city-dwellers, they were not in a position to make an objective decision. Their faith carried the vote and there was
only one vote of descent: Levi Savage. Having crossed the plains many times, and
seeing the poor health and old age of many of the company, he advised them to
stay back for the winter, but when they refused and questioned his faith, he
famously stated, “Brethren and sisters, what I have said I know to be true; but
seeing you are to go forward, I will go with you, will help you all I can, will
work with you, will rest with you, will suffer with you, and, if necessary, I
will die with you. May God in his mercy
bless and preserve us” (Hafen, p.
96-97).
There were not enough handcarts ready for them, so they
built more hastily and didn’t wait for seasoning of the wood. By the time the Willie Company embarked on
the trek it was August 18th!
The Martin Company left August 25th! And the Hunt wagon train left September 2nd,
particularly dangerous for a wagon train as wagons were much slower.
President Richards, having been released from his mission,
caught up with them just before they left and said, “From the beginning we have
done all in our power to hasten matters pertaining to emigration, therefore we
confidently look for the blessing of God to crown our humble efforts with
success, and for the safe arrival of our brethren the poor Saints in Utah,
though they may experience some cold” (Hafen, p. 98). That turned out to be quite an understatement!
In addition to their terribly late start across the plains,
the companies crossed more slowly than others.
The Willie Company did not arrive
in Salt Lake until Nov. 9 (84 days of travel), the Martin arrived Nov. 30 (97 days) and
the Hunt and Hodgett wagon trains arrived on Dec. 11-15 (104 days)! They had
many equipment difficulties, hastily-constructed handcarts falling apart, oxen
dying or getting lost, fatigue striking and causing them to discard their warm
clothing and bedding in the warm weather in order to make their carts lighter, and no resupply at
Fort Laramie because Brigham Young assumed they would have followed counsel and wintered in
Nebraska.
But the Lord did bless them and rescue them, despite their
follies, and because of their faith.
Although they suffered exposure, fatigue, illness, starvation, and
injury and came across an early winter storm (early, but not at all unusual for
Wyoming where still to this day there are actually large gates that are used to
block entrance to the Interstate highway during blizzards), approximately 82%
of the saints in these four companies survived and arrived in Zion. 82%!
They should have all died! This percentage is by my own calculation,
using the rosters provided in the book, Remember:
The Willie and Martin Handcart Companies and Their Rescuers—Past and Present,
compiled and edited by the Riverton Wyoming Stake. In fact, I counted on those rosters 22
families with from 4 to 7 children each who arrived intact, not having lost a
member! (My own ancestor, Elizabeth Simpson Bradshaw, with her children is among that number.)
The story of the handcart pioneers should be a great encouragement to all of us, whatever our trek through life may be. Many times we make foolish, although well-meaning, decisions. Sometimes we disregard important counsel because it doesn't meet our agenda. Sometimes we don't have the faith to wait, but forge ahead. Often we are ill-equipped for the storms that come upon us. But in every instance, if we are true to our faith, the Lord will see us through.
Additional Resources
T.C. Christensen has undertaken the project of chronicling
these saints on the silver screen. Those
of you in Utah are familiar with his movies, but those of you elsewhere may not
be. I highly recommend both of them: 17 Miracles, about the ordeals of the
handcart companies, and Ephraim’s Rescue,
retelling the story of their rescue.
The movies are now out on DVD and sometimes on Netflix and most accurately and beautifully depict the
events of 1856. Children will enjoy
counting the miracles in 17 Miracles,
which are all well-documented, but bear in mind, these 17 are by no means all
the miracles that the handcart companies experienced. They are too many for one feature-length
film!
Another nice resource is the website http://tellmystorytoo.com/, where books, stories and artwork are available. Julie Rogers is the artist, and has painted many of the individual pioneers, including my own ancestors, Sarah Ann Haigh and Elizabeth Simpson Bradshaw, carrying her youngest son Richard (pictured above) which painting now hangs on my wall.
The Rest of the Story
There is another fascinating aspect of the handcart pioneer
story that is less well-known: that of the intrepid Daniel Webster Jones (not the Welsh missionary Dan Jones) and his
group of 20 men who came as part of the rescue team, and then volunteered to
stay the winter at a tiny fort on the trail near Martin’s Cove in order to
guard the belongings of these poor Saints, since all wagon space was used to
carry people back to Salt Lake City and anything left along the trail would be considered
abandoned and free for the taking. Theirs
is a story of tremendous loyalty, kindness, obedience and bravery, as they
suffered on guard duty all through the long winter. They were organized into a small branch of
the Church before they were left behind, and they carried on with church
meetings and fast days, although they had a lot of extra fast days as
well. They nearly starved to death on
several occasions, and even learned to boil cowhide to create a gelatin that
they could subsist upon until the next miracle arrived. Fortunately, Dan Jones' personal recollections are
available online (Forty Years Among the Indians). This particular adventure begins in Chapter XIII. Wallace Stegner, a non-Mormon historian who specialized in Mormon history, chronicled the story in an interesting narrative, and that is also available at that site as "The Man That Ate His Pack Saddle."
