Luke 2; Matthew 2
Preparation: Stick a little gold star somewhere around the room where it is in plain sight, but not obvious, like on the frame of the blackboard or on a doorframe. One of those little gold star stickers that we use to reward children for their schoolwork or piano practice would be fine. Also, dig back out your nativity set (an unbreakable one) from the Christmas decorations you probably just put away. (Sorry about that.) Put them in a box or a bag so that class members can reach in and pull them out without looking. If you have a stable as a part of the nativity set, display that on the table, empty. If you don't have access to a nativity set, you can put cards with the names of the nativity figures on them in a bag, or you can download cute little paper figures here. If you don't have access to a printer or a Nativity set, draw stick figures as you give the lesson :) You will need the following: one angel, three wise men, Mary, Joseph, Baby Jesus, a shepherd, a sheep, a donkey.
ALL THINGS TESTIFY OF CHRIST
Ask the class if any of them noticed the gold star in the room. Once they are told, they can look around and easily find it. Ask why they didn't see it before, even though it was in plain sight. Their answer will be because they didn't know to look for it. When Christ was born, there was a special star in the sky. The wise men saw it. But what about all of the other people in Bethlehem, and in Jerusalem, and in the East? Why did they not see the star? Because they were not looking for it.
All around us, there are things that testify of Christ to us, just as the star testified of Christ's birth. If we are looking we will see them: The beauties of nature, the miracle of the human body, the many times that we almost have accidents but don't, or the times that things that seem bad turn out to be really great in the end. People who are not looking for them do not see them as proof of Christ's influence in their lives. For example, everyone can watch General Conference on television or the Internet and see President Monson, but only those who are looking for a prophet see him as a prophet.
HAPPY BIRTHDAY, JESUS! (EVEN THOUGH IT'S NOT REALLY YOUR BIRTHDAY)
Before we get started, let's talk about Christmas Day. "Both scriptural and historical evidence suggest [that Jesus was born] in the spring of the year, near the Jewish Passover" (Nelson, p. 3), so why do we celebrate Christ's birthday on December 25th? The answer to that question is rather interesting and ironic.
The Romans crucified Christ for the Jews. After Christ's death, Paul traveled to Rome to teach the gospel. As a result of his efforts, Christianity spread to Rome, and eventually the Roman Catholic Church was born, which is the world's largest Christian denomination today. As a result, the descendants of that nation that crucified Jesus Christ now wear crosses around their necks to remind themselves of Christ's sacrifice for them. Sweet.
When the Romans made Christianity their official religion, they wanted to celebrate Christ's birth, but no one knew the correct date. So they decided to honor it in the place of a celebration they already had: the imaginary birthday of the sun god they had previously worshipped: December 25th (Skousen, p. 15). Some atheists therefore accuse present-day Christians of participation in idolatry, even though the Christians have never heard of the sun god and could therefore hardly be considered worshipping him. But even though Christmas (as it was called hundreds of years later) wasn't a clean and instant break from paganism--all major cultural and religious changes take time--it was a way of turning the honor to Christ while eclipsing the centuries-old idolatrous traditions. And it was effective: At least a third of the world's population celebrates Christmas, while very few have even heard of the sun god Nimrod.
Regardless of the origin/evolution of Christmas, its present-day celebration is a powerful reminder of the divinity of Christ. Let's look a little more closely at all the individuals and circumstances surrounding the birth of Jesus and see how they, like everything else, testify of Christ.
Have class members pull a figure out of the bag or box. Then tell about that particular person or animal using the notes below as you place it in the stable.
ANGEL
The angel who told Mary that she would be the mother of the Son of God was Gabriel. Gabriel had also appeared to two other people that we know of: Daniel of the Old Testament, and Zacharias, the father of John the Baptist. Who was Gabriel when he was a mortal? Noah. (History of the Church, 3:386). Noah would have been one of Mary's ancestors, as well as Daniel's and Zacharias's, since everyone on the earth after the flood descended from him (Skousen, p. 9)
Luke 2:13 reads, "And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God." We tend to think of the heavenly host as a choir, and they probably were, but the meaning of the word host in the scriptures usually refers to an army. When we read that our God is "the Lord of hosts," the meaning is "the captain of the heavenly army" (Harper-Collins Study Bible; see also 1 Samuel 17:45). The word host can also refer to "a great multitude" (See Topical Guide heading for "Host"), but as the word multitude is already being used in the scriptural sentence, a different meaning for the word host is logical--"A multitude of the heavenly multitude" just doesn't make a lot of sense. Since our entire existence, including premortal and postmortal, is the story of a war being waged against evil, it would be appropriate for the heavenly army to rejoice at the birth of the one who would lead them to victory.
WISE MAN #1
How many wise men were there? We have no idea. Matthew 2:1 reads, "Behold, there came wise men from the East to Jerusalem." No number is ever mentioned. Three gifts are itemized, so the assumption has been that there was one wise man for each gift, but there might have been only two wise men, or there might have been 100.
There is a fascinating new translation of an ancient text found in the Vatican that appears to be the record of the journey of the wise men. It was just this month featured in multiple news stories. In this record, there is a large company of wise men, they travel from China, and they are even baptized by one of the apostles. According to the translator, the word magi means "to pray in silence," and has no reference to astrology or sorcery (Landau). "When they first encounter the long-prophesied star, the text says it initially appears in a celestial form that then transforms into a human form or 'star child,' who instructs them to go to Bethlehem to witness its birth. Each of the Magi, in fact, sees the star child in a different form, with each vision representing a different time in the life of Christ." You can read about it in USA Today or on KSL.com. The book of the translation is called Revelation of the Magi. The translator is Brent Landau. It is available to the general public in bookstores.
WISE MAN #2
Most people think that the wise men were not Jews, and this new book suggests that they weren't, but it is possible they were. There were Jews living in many different countries surrounding Israel. When kings from other countries conquered Israel over the years, they usually moved some of the Jews out so that their own people could move in, and so there were little groups of Jews in many countries to the East. It makes sense that it would have been Jews or Jewish converts who would have studied the prophecies of the Old Testament (see Matt. 2:5-6; Micah 5:2; Numbers 24;17) in order to know about the sign of the star, and the general location of the birthplace of the Messiah (McConkie, p. 358).
When the wise men traveled to Jerusalem, they thought it would be easy to find the baby king. They expected everyone to be excited and the city to be in an uproar because of the birth of Jesus. But, as we said, most people did not see the star because they were not looking for it. So they had to figure out how to find the baby, and they decided to go to the palace and ask the king. Perhaps they thought Jesus would have been the king's son (Skousen, p. 30).
When King Herod wasn't able to give them any information, they went back out searching and the star moved, perhaps like a satellite, or maybe as a vision. "It went before them" (Matt. 2:9) until it led them the five miles to Bethlehem, and even to the right house where Joseph and Mary were living. The census was over, all the people who had come to be taxed had left, and now there was a place available for Joseph and Mary to live (Matt 2:11). We don't know the age of the Savior at this time, but he was under the age of two, since that is the age of children Herold commanded to be killed.
WISE MAN #3
We often call the wise men the three kings, but scriptures never say that they are kings. This image results from the wealth they carried with them. They brought gold, which has always been rare and pricey. They brought frankincense, a very expensive crystalline resin from a tree in Arabia, used in temple worship, and also as a perfume. They brought myrrh, an extracted resin from various thorny bushes in Arabia, and worth a small fortune. It was a perfume, also used for temple worship, and particularly used to embalm the dead. When Jesus was in the tomb, this may have been one of the "spices" that the women brought to put on his body (Skousen, p. 33). It is sometimes said by scriptorians that the wise men honored three roles of Christ: They brought gold for the King, frankincense for the High Priest, and myrrh for the Savior who would give His life to atone for our sins.
MARY
Joseph did not call his wife "Mary" and neither did anyone who knew her. The New Testament was written in Greek, but Mary and Joseph and all of the Jews spoke Hebrew. Mary is the Greek translation of the Hebrew name Miriam.
Mary was a direct descendant of King David, and if other countries had not taken over Israel, she could have been a princess and her baby could have become the earthly King of the Jews (Skousen, p. 6; see also "Joseph" in last week's lesson, and Matt. 1:1).
JOSEPH
Joseph was Mary's cousin; she was the daughter of his uncle Jacob. Joseph was also a direct descendant of King David, and could have been the king of the Jews if the Hebrews were still in control (McConkie, p. 316).
We always assume that Joseph was poor. Was he? Yes. How do we know this? The Law said that all the firstborn boys should be presented at the temple and the parents should bring a sacrifice with them of a lamb, but if they couldn't afford a lamb, they could sacrifice two doves (Numbers 8;15-18; 18:15-16). Joseph and Mary brought two doves (Luke 2:22-24; Talmage, p. 96).
BABY JESUS
Jesus was not called "Jesus" by the Hebrews. The name Jesus is the Greek translation of the Hebrew name Joshua or Jehoshua. The meaning of the name Joshua is very significant: "Jehovah saves." Jehovah was the God of the Old Testament. The name Joshua was a sign to them that this baby was Jehovah, the God in their scriptures (Nelson, p. 4; Skousen, p. 22; Bible Dictionary, Jesus; McConkie, p. 318).
Jesus was the first child born in the family, but was he the only one? No. He had at least four half-brothers and at least two half-sisters, so there were at least seven children in the family, and maybe more. Four brothers, James, Joses, Simon and Judas and an unspecified number of sisters are mentioned in Matt 13:55-56. James and Judas (Jude) became apostles and their writings are found in our New Testament. The JST gives us a little more information about Jesus' childhood and youth. "And it came to pass that Jesus grew up with his brethren, and waxed strong, and waited upon the Lord for the time of his ministry to come. And he served under his father, and he spake not as other men, neither could he be taught; for he needed not that any man should teach him" (JST Matt. 3:24-25 in the Bible Appendix).
SHEPHERDS
Shepherds were on the low end of society in the days of Christ. The very low end. Because their work required them to be out in the fields constantly, they couldn't keep all the Jewish customs and rules, all the hand-washings, and social mandates. So they were looked down upon, and they weren't trusted. Most "respectable" people lived in houses and were farmers or merchants. Shepherds were a little like homeless people. They had to sleep out on the ground with the filthy animals. (Rt. Rev. Edwin F. Gulick, Bp. of the Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky, "And There Were Shepherds in the Field..." sermon printed on the Internet; also Randy Alcorn, "A Second Glance at the Christmas Shepherds", Moody Magazine, Dec. 1982). The witnesses of Christ's birth came from both ends of society: the magi at the top, and the shepherds at the bottom. He is the Savior for everyone, and in His sight, everyone is equal.
Did you know that the Christmas carol "Far, Far Away on Judea's Plains" was written by a Latter-day Saint in the 1880s? His name was John McFarlane and he lived in southern Utah.
SHEEP
Bethlehem is very near to Jerusalem, only 5 miles or so away. So the shepherds outside the town of Bethlehem were also outside the city of Jerusalem. And what was in Jerusalem? The temple, of course. According to the Law of Moses, the first-born sheep were offered as sacrifices in the temple. The shepherds watching over these sheep had the responsibility of making sure which lambs were the firstborn and could be used in sacrifice. They tended those lambs that were set apart for their temple worship in special flocks. In fact, by law, only these temple flocks could be pastured so near the city. If the shepherds brought some of the lambs with them to the manger, as we always picture them doing, they would have been holy lambs that were being raised to be sacrificed in a similitude of what Jesus, the "Lamb of God," would later do for all of us (Kimberly Webb, New Era, Dec. 2003, p. 23; McConkie, p. 347).
DONKEY
The journey from Nazareth to Bethlehem is close to 100 miles, all over rough terrain, and the Jews actually traveled a longer distance in order to skirt Samaria. Fortunately, the small varieties of donkeys in the middle east give a very nice ride. The rider can simply come up behind and sit on the donkey, with her legs nearly touching the ground. She sits up by the tail on the hips of the donkey, which do not move much while the donkey walks, making for a fairly comfortable ride (Skousen, p. 16).
THE TESTIMONIES OF SIMEON AND ANNA
As emphasized in the conclusion to the previous lesson, the Holy Ghost wrought upon those who were seeking the Christ child. This happened to two significant individuals who are not a part of our Nativity sets: Simeon and Anna. Note that the role of the Holy Ghost is mentioned three times in the account of Simeon:
"And, behold, there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was Simeon; and the same man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel: and the Holy Ghost was upon him. And it was revealed unto him by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death before he had seen the Lord's Christ. And he came by the Spirit into the temple: and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to do for him after the custom of the law, then he took him up in his arms and blessed God" (Luke 2:25-28).
In keeping with his unusually fair treatment of women, Luke gives equal credence to the witness of a woman. (See "Luke" in a previous post.) Not only does he mention her testimony, but he calls her a "prophetess." There are different meanings for the word prophetess in the Bible. In at least one instance it refers to the wife of a prophet (Isa. 8:3), but, more often, it refers to a woman who "who possessed the power to prophesy, who declared that [she] spoke God's message, and whose prophecies were fulfilled" (Hurd, p. 12; see Exo. 15:20; Judges 4:4; 2 Kings 22:14). Anna was the latter. A prophetess would not be the equivalent of the prophet of a dispensation who holds the keys of the priesthood, but as "the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy" (Rev. 19:10), any righteous woman being moved by the Spirit and testifying of Jesus could be a prophetess. This is what Anna did. She "spake of him to all them that looked for redemption in Jerusalem" (Luke 2:38). Like John the Baptist, she helped prepare the way of the Lord before His ministry began.
As Latter-day Saints, it is our responsibility to follow the example of the star, the angels, the shepherds, Simeon and Anna and testify of Christ. I love this little testimony-poem by C.S. Lewis, the great English testator of Jesus Christ:
THE NATIVITY
Among the oxen (like an ox I'm slow)
I see a glory in the stable grow
Which, with the ox's dullness might at length
Give me an ox's strength.
Among the asses (stubborn I as they)
I see my Saviour where I looked for hay;
So may my beastlike folly learn at least
The patience of a beast.
Among the sheep (I like a sheep have strayed)
I watch the manger where my Lord is laid;
Oh that my baa-ing nature would win thence
Some wooly innocence!
--C.S. Lewis
Sources:
Russell M. Nelson, Wise Men and Women Still Adore Him
W. Cleon Skousen, Days of the Living Christ
Bruce R. McConkie, The Mortal Messiah, Book 1
James E. Talmadge, Jesus the Christ
Brent Landau, Revelation of the Magi
Jerrie Hurd, Leaven: 150 Women in Scripture Whose Lives Lift Ours
C.S. Lewis, Poems
Showing posts with label Mary. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mary. Show all posts
Sunday, January 9, 2011
Sunday, January 2, 2011
New Testament Lesson #2 "My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord"
Luke 1; Matthew 1
Preparation: Make cards with one of each of the following names on them: Zacharias, Elizabeth, John, Mary, Joseph. Tape the cards under chairs in the classroom. (If you typically have a lot of empty chairs in your room, this might not work as well. In that case, you can either just pass them around, or have people look under all the chairs near them until all the cards are found. Cards under the chairs would work better with teenagers or young adults rather than older people who may have a hard time kneeling down or bending over.)
THE FIRST "CHRISTIANS" IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
Ask the class to check under their chairs for a card listing one of the first Christians in the New Testament. Ask those who have cards to think of something to share about this person; something they admire, something interesting they know, whatever. (If someone doesn't want to participate, let them give the card to another. Sunday School should be a place where people feel comfortable. Those who don't read well or are afraid to speak out shouldn't be afraid to come to class.) If your class is not terribly knowledgeable about scriptural figures, you can list a scripture on the board for each of the names (from the notes below), and give them a few minutes to read about their person and learn something to share. Use the ideas below to supplement what the class members share. You can discuss the individuals in any order that the class members choose.
ZACHARIAS
Read Luke 1:5-10. "In the court of the priests stood the great altar of unhewn stones whereon the sacred sacrifices were offered; this was open to the view of the people. Entrance was gained to the Holy Place through two great gold-plated doors. In this sanctuary were the two tables--one of marble, one of gold--on which the priests laid the candlestick with its seven lamps and, most importantly, the altar of incense.
"It was into this sacred sanctuary that Zacharias went, accompanied by another priest who bore burning coals taken from the altar of sacrifice; these he spread upon the altar of incense and then withdrew. It then became the privilege of [Zacharias] to sprinkle the incense on the burning coals, that the ascending smoke and the odor might typify the ascending prayers of all Israel" (McConkie, p. 307)
Keep in mind it had been 400 years or so since Malachi, the last prophet we have record of in the Old Testament, had been on the earth, and we don't know of any angelic ministrations that had happened in the interim. So those people undoubtedly thought such things were in the past. (See Talmadge, p. 77.)
Read Luke 1:11-13. "What prayers did Zacharias make on this occasion? Certainly not, as so many have assumed, prayers that Elisabeth should bear a son, though such in days past had been the subject of the priest's faith-filled importunings. This was not the occasion for private, but for public prayers. He was acting for and on behalf of all Israel, not for himself and Elisabeth alone. And Israel's prayer was for redemption, for deliverance from the Gentile yoke, for the coming of their Messiah, for freedom from sin. The prayers of the one who burned the incense were the prelude to the sacrificial offering itself, which was made to bring the people in tune with the Infinite, through the forgiveness of sins and the cleansing of their lives. 'And the whole multitude of the people were praying without [meaning, outside] at the time of incense'--all praying, with one heart and one mind, the same things that were being expressed formally, and officially, by the one whose lot it was to sprinkle the incense in the Holy Place." (McConkie, p. 307-308) So why did the angel say, "Thy prayer is heard and thy wife shall bear a son," if he wasn't then praying for a son? Because of the son's role: Read Luke 1:16-17.
"The last words Zacharias had uttered prior to the influction of dumbness were words of doubt and unbelief...The words with which he broke his long silence were words of praise unto God in whom he had all assurances, words that were as a sign to all who heard, and the fame whereof spread throughout the region" (Talmadge, p. 79).
Read Luke 1:18-20. But this sign made the visitation much more obvious to the people. When Zacharias emerged deaf and dumb, it was a testimony to everyone, in addition to what he might have told them. So maybe that was part of the reason that the angel was so hard on him.
Zacharias died a martyr. Jesus blasted the Jews for it: "Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city: that upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel [the first martyr] unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias [the most recent martyr], whom ye slew between the temple and the altar" (Matt. 23:34-35). It is confusing because the prophet Zechariah of the Old Testament was killed in the same manner and his father was named Barachias. But Zacharias' father must have had the same name, because Joseph Smith specifies that this Zacharias is John the Baptist's father:
"When Herod's edict went forth to destroy the young children, John was about six months older than Jesus, and came under this hellish edict, and Zacharias caused his mother to take him into the mountains, where he was raised on locusts and wild honey. When his father refused to disclose his hiding place, and being the officiating high priest at the Temple that year, [he] was slain by Herod's order, between the porch and the altar, as Jesus said" (Smith, p. 261).
Zacharias' testimony is recorded in Luke 1:68-79. It has been set to music and performed over the centuries in the Roman Catholic Church under the title "The Benedictus." Add in the JST change that is not included in the LDS Bible for verse 77 and an additional insight is gained: "...salvation unto his people by baptism for the remission of their sins." (If you would like to know how to find JST changes that are not in our LDS edition, follow this link to a previous post on the JST.)
ELIZABETH
Read Luke 1:5-7; 24-27; 39-45; 56-60 for Elizabeth's story. Elizabeth was both the daughter and the wife of a priest. She was righteous before God and blameless. She was childless until old age. We know that she also knew that the baby should be named John, whether from the Spirit or from her husband. We know she had an intimate relationship with Mary (Luke 1:40-45). She had loving and supportive family and friends (Luke 1:58). We know from Joseph Smith that she raised her little boy, John, in hiding in the wilderness without her husband. (See notes on Zachariah.) We have her testimony (Luke 1:42-45).
JOHN
The scriptures specifically tell us that John was of priestly descent through both parents. "There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth" (Luke 1:5). "This lineage was essential, since John was the embodiment of the law of Moses, designed to prepare the way for the Messiah and make ready a people to receive him" (BD, p. 714). There was never any doubt in the Jews' minds that John had priesthood authority, and this created big problems for those who did not want to believe his witness. When the chief priests and elders challenged Christ's authority, He had only to refer them to John's authority to flummox them. They could not publicly doubt John's authority, as it was fully established. Yet, if they acknowledged it, they would also have to acknowledge his testimony of Christ as the Son of God. So they did not answer at all. (See Matt. 21:23-27.)
Why was it so important that the baby be named John, and not Zacharias? Couldn't he just as well have been "Zacharias the Baptist?" Well, just as there is a meaning for every number for the Hebrews, there is also a meaning for every name. The name John, Jochanan in Hebrew, means "the grace or mercy of Jehovah." John was foreordained to be the one who would go forth ahead of Jehovah to proclaim his grace and mercy. (See McConkie, p. 335)
What do we know about John's childhood? We know he was raised in the wilderness. And modern-day revelation tells us more fascinating details. "And the lesser priesthood continued, which priesthood holdeth the key of the ministering of angels and the preparatory gospel; Which gospel is the gospel of repentance and of baptism, and the remission of sins, and the law of carnal commandments, which the Lord in his wrath caused to continue with the house of Aaron among the children of Israel until John, whom God raised up, being filled with the Holy Ghost from his mother's womb. For he was baptized while he was yet in his childhood, and was ordained by the angel of God at the time he was eight days old unto this power, to overthrow the kingdom of the Jews, and to make straight the way of the Lord before the face of his people, to prepare them for the coming of the Lord, in whose hand is given all power" (D&C 84:26-28).
John was the forerunner in almost every instance. He was born just before Christ and testified of Him even from the womb, as he leapt in His presence. He started his ministry before Christ started his, declaring that there would be a greater One to come. He laid down his life for the testimony of Jesus before Jesus died, and therefore he was also the forerunner into paradise to announce that the captive spirits would soon be free. And in the final dispensation, ours, he came again to prepare the way for the Second Coming by restoring the Aaronic Priesthood to the earth so that others could be baptists. (See McConkie, p. 302)
So John has ministered in three dispensations on the earth: "He was the last of the prophets under the law of Moses, he was the first of the New Testament prophets, and he brought the Aaronic Priesthood to the dispensation of the fullness of times." (BD, p. 715)
Let's read what John the Beloved wrote about John the Baptist: "There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. The same came into the world for a witness, to bear witness of the light, to bear record of the gospel through the Son, unto all, that through him men might believe. He was not that light, but came to bear witness of that light, which was the true light, which lighteth every man who cometh into the world; Even the Son of God. He who was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not" (JST John 1:6-10 in the Bible Appendix).
John the Baptist's testimony of Jesus Christ is found in the same scriptural location, JST John 1:15-33.
JOSEPH
Read Matthew 1:18-25 for information about Joseph. Matthew and Luke both give genealogies of Christ (Matthew 1:1-17 and Luke 3:23-38). The genealogies are different, but this only testifies to their validity. The genealogy of Matthew is the sequence of the legal successors to the throne of David. The account from Luke is a personal pedigree of actual father/son relationships, also demonstrating descendence from David. Both of them offer claim to the throne. Luke's record is thought to be the pedigree of Mary even though it is Joseph's name that is mentioned, and Matthew's is thought to be Joseph's. Where in Matthew it says Joseph's father is Jacob, Luke says Joseph's father is Heli. Jacob and Heli were brothers, and Mary and Joseph, their children, were therefore first cousins. Elder McConkie thinks Jacob was Joseph's father-in-law and Mary's father (McConkie, p. 316). Never did the Jews accuse Jesus of being ineligible to be the Messiah based on his heritage. With the great emphasis that the Jews placed on genealogy, this testifies that his genealogy correctly placed him as King of the Jews (Talmadge, p. 86-87).
MARY
Mary's history is found in Luke 1:26-45, and Luke 2. "Jesus Christ was to be born of mortal woman, but was not directly the offspring of mortal man, except so far as his mother was the daughter of both man and woman. In our Lord alone has been fulfilled the word of God spoke in relation to the fall of Adam that the seed of the woman should have power to overcome Satan by bruising the serpent's head" (Talmadge, p. 83). (See Genesis 3:15 and Moses 1:21.)
"In respect to place, condition, and general environment, Gabriel's annunciation to Zacharias offers strong contrast to the delivery of his message to Mary. The prospective forerunner of the Lord was announced to his father within the magnificent temple, and in a place the most exclusively sacred save one other in the Holy House, under the light shed from the golden candlestick, and further illumined by the glow of living coals on the altar of gold; the Messiah was announced to His mother in a small town far from the capital and the temple, most probably within the walls of a simple Galilean cottage" (Talmadge, p. 82).
Her testimony is preserved in Luke and, like Zacharias', has been set to music and performed many times over the centuries in many Christian churches under the title "The Magnificat." It is found in Luke 1:46-55.
CONCLUSION
We have a written testimony from each one of these first five great Christians except Joseph, and his testimony is manifest in his works. How did all of these great early saints gain their testimonies in these unbelievable circumstances? Through the same power by which you and I gain ours and continue to strengthen them: The power of the Holy Ghost. John, as we read in both Luke 1:15 and D&C 84:27 "was filled with the Holy Ghost from his mother's womb," and that is how he knew that the unborn Christ was near. Elizabeth, when she greeted Mary "was filled with the Holy Ghost" (Luke 1:41) and that is how she knew. Zacharias was "filled with the Holy Ghost" at the naming of his child (Luke 1:67). Mary, Joseph and Zacharias all had the additional privilege of seeing an angel, but even seeing an angel does not necessarily give a person a testimony--Laman and Lemuel saw an angel and it made no difference to them (1 Nephi 3:29-31). We don't need to see an angel to know that Jesus is the Christ, and that His gospel is the Way; we have the Holy Ghost, and that's all we need.
"When a man has the manifestation of the Holy Ghost, it leaves an indelible impression on his soul, one that is not easily erased. It is Spirit speaking to spirit, and it comes with convincing force. A manifestation of an angel, or even the Son of God himself, would impress the eye and mind, and eventually become dimmed, but the impressions of the Holy Ghost sink deeper into the soul and are more difficult to erase" (President Joseph Fielding Smith, Answers to Gospel Questions, 2:151).
"When Jesus came into the coasts of Cæsarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I the Son of man am? And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist: some, Elias; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets. He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it" (Matt. 16:13-18). What is "this rock?" Joseph Smith asked. He answered his own question: revelation through the Holy Ghost. (See Smith, p. 274.)
Sources:
Bruce R. McConkie, The Mortal Messiah, Book 1
James E. Talmadge, Jesus The Christ
Joseph Smith, Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith
Bible Dictionary
Preparation: Make cards with one of each of the following names on them: Zacharias, Elizabeth, John, Mary, Joseph. Tape the cards under chairs in the classroom. (If you typically have a lot of empty chairs in your room, this might not work as well. In that case, you can either just pass them around, or have people look under all the chairs near them until all the cards are found. Cards under the chairs would work better with teenagers or young adults rather than older people who may have a hard time kneeling down or bending over.)
THE FIRST "CHRISTIANS" IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
Ask the class to check under their chairs for a card listing one of the first Christians in the New Testament. Ask those who have cards to think of something to share about this person; something they admire, something interesting they know, whatever. (If someone doesn't want to participate, let them give the card to another. Sunday School should be a place where people feel comfortable. Those who don't read well or are afraid to speak out shouldn't be afraid to come to class.) If your class is not terribly knowledgeable about scriptural figures, you can list a scripture on the board for each of the names (from the notes below), and give them a few minutes to read about their person and learn something to share. Use the ideas below to supplement what the class members share. You can discuss the individuals in any order that the class members choose.
ZACHARIAS
Read Luke 1:5-10. "In the court of the priests stood the great altar of unhewn stones whereon the sacred sacrifices were offered; this was open to the view of the people. Entrance was gained to the Holy Place through two great gold-plated doors. In this sanctuary were the two tables--one of marble, one of gold--on which the priests laid the candlestick with its seven lamps and, most importantly, the altar of incense.
"It was into this sacred sanctuary that Zacharias went, accompanied by another priest who bore burning coals taken from the altar of sacrifice; these he spread upon the altar of incense and then withdrew. It then became the privilege of [Zacharias] to sprinkle the incense on the burning coals, that the ascending smoke and the odor might typify the ascending prayers of all Israel" (McConkie, p. 307)
Keep in mind it had been 400 years or so since Malachi, the last prophet we have record of in the Old Testament, had been on the earth, and we don't know of any angelic ministrations that had happened in the interim. So those people undoubtedly thought such things were in the past. (See Talmadge, p. 77.)
Read Luke 1:11-13. "What prayers did Zacharias make on this occasion? Certainly not, as so many have assumed, prayers that Elisabeth should bear a son, though such in days past had been the subject of the priest's faith-filled importunings. This was not the occasion for private, but for public prayers. He was acting for and on behalf of all Israel, not for himself and Elisabeth alone. And Israel's prayer was for redemption, for deliverance from the Gentile yoke, for the coming of their Messiah, for freedom from sin. The prayers of the one who burned the incense were the prelude to the sacrificial offering itself, which was made to bring the people in tune with the Infinite, through the forgiveness of sins and the cleansing of their lives. 'And the whole multitude of the people were praying without [meaning, outside] at the time of incense'--all praying, with one heart and one mind, the same things that were being expressed formally, and officially, by the one whose lot it was to sprinkle the incense in the Holy Place." (McConkie, p. 307-308) So why did the angel say, "Thy prayer is heard and thy wife shall bear a son," if he wasn't then praying for a son? Because of the son's role: Read Luke 1:16-17.
"The last words Zacharias had uttered prior to the influction of dumbness were words of doubt and unbelief...The words with which he broke his long silence were words of praise unto God in whom he had all assurances, words that were as a sign to all who heard, and the fame whereof spread throughout the region" (Talmadge, p. 79).
Read Luke 1:18-20. But this sign made the visitation much more obvious to the people. When Zacharias emerged deaf and dumb, it was a testimony to everyone, in addition to what he might have told them. So maybe that was part of the reason that the angel was so hard on him.
Zacharias died a martyr. Jesus blasted the Jews for it: "Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city: that upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel [the first martyr] unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias [the most recent martyr], whom ye slew between the temple and the altar" (Matt. 23:34-35). It is confusing because the prophet Zechariah of the Old Testament was killed in the same manner and his father was named Barachias. But Zacharias' father must have had the same name, because Joseph Smith specifies that this Zacharias is John the Baptist's father:
"When Herod's edict went forth to destroy the young children, John was about six months older than Jesus, and came under this hellish edict, and Zacharias caused his mother to take him into the mountains, where he was raised on locusts and wild honey. When his father refused to disclose his hiding place, and being the officiating high priest at the Temple that year, [he] was slain by Herod's order, between the porch and the altar, as Jesus said" (Smith, p. 261).
Zacharias' testimony is recorded in Luke 1:68-79. It has been set to music and performed over the centuries in the Roman Catholic Church under the title "The Benedictus." Add in the JST change that is not included in the LDS Bible for verse 77 and an additional insight is gained: "...salvation unto his people by baptism for the remission of their sins." (If you would like to know how to find JST changes that are not in our LDS edition, follow this link to a previous post on the JST.)
ELIZABETH
Read Luke 1:5-7; 24-27; 39-45; 56-60 for Elizabeth's story. Elizabeth was both the daughter and the wife of a priest. She was righteous before God and blameless. She was childless until old age. We know that she also knew that the baby should be named John, whether from the Spirit or from her husband. We know she had an intimate relationship with Mary (Luke 1:40-45). She had loving and supportive family and friends (Luke 1:58). We know from Joseph Smith that she raised her little boy, John, in hiding in the wilderness without her husband. (See notes on Zachariah.) We have her testimony (Luke 1:42-45).
JOHN
The scriptures specifically tell us that John was of priestly descent through both parents. "There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth" (Luke 1:5). "This lineage was essential, since John was the embodiment of the law of Moses, designed to prepare the way for the Messiah and make ready a people to receive him" (BD, p. 714). There was never any doubt in the Jews' minds that John had priesthood authority, and this created big problems for those who did not want to believe his witness. When the chief priests and elders challenged Christ's authority, He had only to refer them to John's authority to flummox them. They could not publicly doubt John's authority, as it was fully established. Yet, if they acknowledged it, they would also have to acknowledge his testimony of Christ as the Son of God. So they did not answer at all. (See Matt. 21:23-27.)
Why was it so important that the baby be named John, and not Zacharias? Couldn't he just as well have been "Zacharias the Baptist?" Well, just as there is a meaning for every number for the Hebrews, there is also a meaning for every name. The name John, Jochanan in Hebrew, means "the grace or mercy of Jehovah." John was foreordained to be the one who would go forth ahead of Jehovah to proclaim his grace and mercy. (See McConkie, p. 335)
What do we know about John's childhood? We know he was raised in the wilderness. And modern-day revelation tells us more fascinating details. "And the lesser priesthood continued, which priesthood holdeth the key of the ministering of angels and the preparatory gospel; Which gospel is the gospel of repentance and of baptism, and the remission of sins, and the law of carnal commandments, which the Lord in his wrath caused to continue with the house of Aaron among the children of Israel until John, whom God raised up, being filled with the Holy Ghost from his mother's womb. For he was baptized while he was yet in his childhood, and was ordained by the angel of God at the time he was eight days old unto this power, to overthrow the kingdom of the Jews, and to make straight the way of the Lord before the face of his people, to prepare them for the coming of the Lord, in whose hand is given all power" (D&C 84:26-28).
John was the forerunner in almost every instance. He was born just before Christ and testified of Him even from the womb, as he leapt in His presence. He started his ministry before Christ started his, declaring that there would be a greater One to come. He laid down his life for the testimony of Jesus before Jesus died, and therefore he was also the forerunner into paradise to announce that the captive spirits would soon be free. And in the final dispensation, ours, he came again to prepare the way for the Second Coming by restoring the Aaronic Priesthood to the earth so that others could be baptists. (See McConkie, p. 302)
So John has ministered in three dispensations on the earth: "He was the last of the prophets under the law of Moses, he was the first of the New Testament prophets, and he brought the Aaronic Priesthood to the dispensation of the fullness of times." (BD, p. 715)
Let's read what John the Beloved wrote about John the Baptist: "There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. The same came into the world for a witness, to bear witness of the light, to bear record of the gospel through the Son, unto all, that through him men might believe. He was not that light, but came to bear witness of that light, which was the true light, which lighteth every man who cometh into the world; Even the Son of God. He who was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not" (JST John 1:6-10 in the Bible Appendix).
John the Baptist's testimony of Jesus Christ is found in the same scriptural location, JST John 1:15-33.
JOSEPH
Read Matthew 1:18-25 for information about Joseph. Matthew and Luke both give genealogies of Christ (Matthew 1:1-17 and Luke 3:23-38). The genealogies are different, but this only testifies to their validity. The genealogy of Matthew is the sequence of the legal successors to the throne of David. The account from Luke is a personal pedigree of actual father/son relationships, also demonstrating descendence from David. Both of them offer claim to the throne. Luke's record is thought to be the pedigree of Mary even though it is Joseph's name that is mentioned, and Matthew's is thought to be Joseph's. Where in Matthew it says Joseph's father is Jacob, Luke says Joseph's father is Heli. Jacob and Heli were brothers, and Mary and Joseph, their children, were therefore first cousins. Elder McConkie thinks Jacob was Joseph's father-in-law and Mary's father (McConkie, p. 316). Never did the Jews accuse Jesus of being ineligible to be the Messiah based on his heritage. With the great emphasis that the Jews placed on genealogy, this testifies that his genealogy correctly placed him as King of the Jews (Talmadge, p. 86-87).
MARY
Mary's history is found in Luke 1:26-45, and Luke 2. "Jesus Christ was to be born of mortal woman, but was not directly the offspring of mortal man, except so far as his mother was the daughter of both man and woman. In our Lord alone has been fulfilled the word of God spoke in relation to the fall of Adam that the seed of the woman should have power to overcome Satan by bruising the serpent's head" (Talmadge, p. 83). (See Genesis 3:15 and Moses 1:21.)
"In respect to place, condition, and general environment, Gabriel's annunciation to Zacharias offers strong contrast to the delivery of his message to Mary. The prospective forerunner of the Lord was announced to his father within the magnificent temple, and in a place the most exclusively sacred save one other in the Holy House, under the light shed from the golden candlestick, and further illumined by the glow of living coals on the altar of gold; the Messiah was announced to His mother in a small town far from the capital and the temple, most probably within the walls of a simple Galilean cottage" (Talmadge, p. 82).
Her testimony is preserved in Luke and, like Zacharias', has been set to music and performed many times over the centuries in many Christian churches under the title "The Magnificat." It is found in Luke 1:46-55.
CONCLUSION
We have a written testimony from each one of these first five great Christians except Joseph, and his testimony is manifest in his works. How did all of these great early saints gain their testimonies in these unbelievable circumstances? Through the same power by which you and I gain ours and continue to strengthen them: The power of the Holy Ghost. John, as we read in both Luke 1:15 and D&C 84:27 "was filled with the Holy Ghost from his mother's womb," and that is how he knew that the unborn Christ was near. Elizabeth, when she greeted Mary "was filled with the Holy Ghost" (Luke 1:41) and that is how she knew. Zacharias was "filled with the Holy Ghost" at the naming of his child (Luke 1:67). Mary, Joseph and Zacharias all had the additional privilege of seeing an angel, but even seeing an angel does not necessarily give a person a testimony--Laman and Lemuel saw an angel and it made no difference to them (1 Nephi 3:29-31). We don't need to see an angel to know that Jesus is the Christ, and that His gospel is the Way; we have the Holy Ghost, and that's all we need.
"When a man has the manifestation of the Holy Ghost, it leaves an indelible impression on his soul, one that is not easily erased. It is Spirit speaking to spirit, and it comes with convincing force. A manifestation of an angel, or even the Son of God himself, would impress the eye and mind, and eventually become dimmed, but the impressions of the Holy Ghost sink deeper into the soul and are more difficult to erase" (President Joseph Fielding Smith, Answers to Gospel Questions, 2:151).
"When Jesus came into the coasts of Cæsarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I the Son of man am? And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist: some, Elias; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets. He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it" (Matt. 16:13-18). What is "this rock?" Joseph Smith asked. He answered his own question: revelation through the Holy Ghost. (See Smith, p. 274.)
Sources:
Bruce R. McConkie, The Mortal Messiah, Book 1
James E. Talmadge, Jesus The Christ
Joseph Smith, Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith
Bible Dictionary
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